2.1 Postherpetic Neuralgia

Do not use gabapentin tablets as a substitute for other gabapentin products.
Titrate gabapentin tablets to an 1,800 mg dose taken orally once daily with the evening meal. Gabapentin tablets should be swallowed whole. Do not split, crush, or chew the tablets.
If gabapentin tablets dosing is reduced, discontinued, or substituted with an alternative medication, this should be done gradually over a minimum of one week or longer (at the discretion of the prescriber).
In adults with postherpetic neuralgia, gabapentin tablets therapy should be initiated and titrated as follows:
Table 1: Gabapentin Tablets Recommended Titration Schedule                    

2.2 Patients with Renal Impairment

In patients with stable renal function, creatinine clearance (C Cr) can be reasonably well estimated using the equation of Cockcroft and Gault:
For females C Cr=(0.85)(140-age)(weight)/[(72)(S Cr)]
For males C Cr=(140-age)(weight)/[(72)(S Cr)]

where age is in years, weight is in kilograms and S Cris serum creatinine in mg/dL.
The dose of gabapentin tablets should be adjusted in patients with reduced renal function, according to Table 2. Patients with reduced renal function must initiate gabapentin tablets at a daily dose of 300 mg. Gabapentin tablets should be titrated following the schedule outlined in Table 1. Daily dosing in patients with reduced renal function must be individualized based on tolerability and desired clinical benefit.
Table 2: Gabapentin Tablets Dosage Based on Renal Function

5.1 Suicidal Behavior and Ideation

Antiepileptic drugs(AEDs), including gabapentin, the active ingredient in gabapentin tablets, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication.Suicidal behavior and ideation have also been reported in patients after discontinuation of gabapentin [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].  Patients treated with any AED for anyindication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood orbehavior.
Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.
The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.
The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5 to 100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed. Table 3 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.
Table 3: Risk by Indication for Antiepileptic Drugs (including gabapentin, the active ingredient in gabapentin tablets) in the Pooled Analysis

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.
Anyone considering prescribing gabapentin must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which products containing active components that are AEDs (such as gabapentin, the active component in gabapentin tablets) are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.
Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed that gabapentin tablets contain gabapentin which is also used to treat epilepsy and that AEDs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers.

5.2 Increased Risk of Adverse Reactions with Abrupt or Rapid Discontinuation

After discontinuationof short-term and long-term treatment with gabapentin, withdrawal symptoms have been observed in some patients [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2) and Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3)] .Suicidal behavior and ideation have also been reported in patients after discontinuation of gabapentin [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)] . If gabapentin is discontinued,this should be done gradually over a minimum of 1 week or longer (at the discretion of theprescriber).

5.3 Respiratory Depression

There is evidence from case reports, human studies, and animal studies associating gabapentin with serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression when co- administrated with central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including opioids, or in the setting of underlying respiratory impairment. When the decision is made to co-prescribe gabapentin with another CNS depressant, particularly an opioid, or to prescribe gabapentin to patients with underlying respiratory impairment, monitor patients for symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation, and consider initiating gabapentin at a low dose. The management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and reduction or withdrawal of CNS depressants (including gabapentin). 

5.4 Tumorigenic Potential

In standard preclinical in vivolifetime carcinogenicity studies, an unexpectedly high incidence of pancreatic acinar adenocarcinomas was identified in male, but not female, rats. The clinical significance of this finding is unknown.
In clinical trials of gabapentin therapy in epilepsy comprising 2,085 patient-years of exposure in patients over 12 years of age, new tumors were reported in 10 patients, and pre-existing tumors worsened in 11 patients, during or within 2 years after discontinuing the drug. However, no similar patient population untreated with gabapentin was available to provide background tumor incidence and recurrence information for comparison. Therefore, the effect of gabapentin therapy on the incidence of new tumors in humans or on the worsening or recurrence of previously diagnosed tumors is unknown.

5.5 Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)/Multiorgan Hypersensitivity

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), also known as Multiorgan Hypersensitivity, has been reported in patients taking antiepileptic drugs, including gabapentin. Some of these events have been fatal or life-threatening. DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, and/or lymphadenopathy in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematological abnormalities, myocarditis, or myositis sometimes resembling an acute viral infection. Eosinophilia is often present. Because this disorder is variable in its expression, other organ systems not noted here may be involved.
It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity, such as fever or lymphadenopathy, may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs or symptoms are present, the patient should be evaluated immediately. Gabapentin should be discontinued if an alternative etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.

5.6 Laboratory Tests

Clinical trial data do not indicate that routine monitoring of clinical laboratory procedures is necessary for the safe use of gabapentin. The value of monitoring gabapentin blood concentrations has not been established.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
A total of 359 patients with neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia have received gabapentin at doses up to 1,800 mg daily during placebo-controlled clinical studies. In clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia, 9.7% of the 359 patients treated with gabapentin and 6.9% of 364 patients treated with placebo discontinued prematurely due to adverse reactions. In the gabapentin treatment group, the most common reason for discontinuation due to adverse reactions was dizziness. Of gabapentin -treated patients who experienced adverse reactions in clinical studies, the majority of those adverse reactions were either "mild" or "moderate”.
Table 4 lists all adverse reactions, regardless of causality, occurring in at least 1% of patients with neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia in the gabapentin group for which the incidence was greater than in the placebo group.
Table 4: Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reaction Incidence in Controlled Trials in Neuropathic Pain Associated with Postherpetic Neuralgia (Events in at Least 1% of all Gabapentin -Treated Patients and More Frequent Than in the Placebo Group)

In addition to the adverse reactions reported in Table 4 above, the following adverse reactions with an uncertain relationship to gabapentin were reported during the clinical development for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Events in more than 1% of patients but equally or more frequently in the gabapentin-treated patients than in the placebo group included blood pressure increase, confusional state, gastroenteritis viral, herpes zoster, hypertension, joint swelling, memory impairment, nausea, pneumonia, pyrexia, rash, seasonal allergy, and upper respiratory infection.

6.2 Postmarketing and Other Experience with other Formulations of Gabapentin

In addition to the adverse experiences reported during clinical testing of gabapentin, the following adverse experiences have been reported in patients receiving other formulations of marketed gabapentin. These adverse experiences have not been listed above and data are insufficient to support an estimate of their incidence or to establish causation. The listing is alphabetized: angioedema, blood glucose fluctuation, breast enlargement, bullous pemphigoid, elevated creatine kinase, elevated liver function tests, erythema multiforme, fever, hyponatremia, jaundice, movement disorder, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

There are postmarketing reports of withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of gabapentin. Reported adverse reactions include, but are not limited to, seizures, depression, suicidal ideation and behavior, agitation, confusion, disorientation, psychotic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, nausea, pain, sweating, tremor, headache, dizziness, and malaise [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2)].

There are postmarketing reports of life-threatening or fatal respiratory depression in patients taking gabapentin with opioids or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, or in the setting of underlying respiratory impairment.

7.1 Phenytoin

In a single (400 mg) and multiple dose (400 mg three times daily) study of gabapentin immediate release in epileptic patients (N=8) maintained on phenytoin monotherapy for at least 2 months, gabapentin had no effect on the steady-state trough plasma concentrations of phenytoin and phenytoin had no effect on gabapentin pharmacokinetics.

7.2 Carbamazepine

Steady-state trough plasma carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10, 11 epoxide concentrations were not affected by concomitant gabapentin immediate release (400 mg three times daily; N=12) administration. Likewise, gabapentin pharmacokinetics were unaltered by carbamazepine administration.

7.3 Valproic Acid

The mean steady-state trough serum valproic acid concentrations prior to and during concomitant gabapentin immediate release administration (400 mg three times daily; N=17) were not different and neither were gabapentin pharmacokinetic parameters affected by valproic acid.

7.4 Phenobarbital

Estimates of steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters for phenobarbital or gabapentin immediate release (300 mg three times daily; N=12) are identical whether the drugs are administered alone or together.

7.5 Naproxen

Coadministration of single doses of naproxen (250 mg) and gabapentin immediate release (125 mg) to 18 volunteers increased gabapentin absorption by 12% to 15%. Gabapentin immediate release had no effect on naproxen pharmacokinetics. The doses are lower than the therapeutic doses for both drugs. The effect of coadministration of these drugs at therapeutic doses is not known.

7.6 Hydrocodone

Coadministration of gabapentin immediate release (125 mg and 500 mg) and hydrocodone (10 mg) reduced hydrocodone C maxby 3% and 21%, respectively, and AUC by 4% and 22%, respectively. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown. Gabapentin AUC values were increased by 14%; the magnitude of the interaction at other doses is not known.

7.7 Morphine

When a single dose (60 mg) of controlled-release morphine capsule was administered 2 hours prior to a single dose (600 mg) of gabapentin immediate release in 12 volunteers, mean gabapentin AUC values increased by 44% compared to gabapentin immediate release administered without morphine. The pharmacokinetics of morphine were not affected by administration of gabapentin immediate release 2 hours after morphine. The magnitude of this interaction at other doses is not known.

7.8 Cimetidine

Cimetidine 300 mg decreased the apparent oral clearance of gabapentin by 14% and creatinine clearance by 10%. The effect of gabapentin immediate release on cimetidine was not evaluated. This decrease is not expected to be clinically significant.

7.9 Oral Contraceptives

Gabapentin immediate release (400 mg three times daily) had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone (2.5 mg) or ethinyl estradiol (50 mcg) administered as a single tablet, except that the C maxof norethindrone was increased by 13%. This interaction is not considered to be clinically significant.

7.10 Antacid (containing aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide)

An antacid containing aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide reduced the bioavailability of gabapentin immediate release by about approximately 20%, but by only 5% when gabapentin immediate release was taken 2 hours after the antacid. It is recommended that gabapentin be taken at least 2 hours following the antacid (containing aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide) administration.

7.11 Probenecid

Gabapentin immediate release pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable with and without probenecid, indicating that gabapentin does not undergo renal tubular secretion by the pathway that is blocked by probenecid.

7.12 Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions

False positive readings were reported with the Ames-N-Multistix SG ®dipstick test for urine protein when gabapentin was added to other antiepileptic drugs; therefore, the more specific sulfosalicylic acid precipitation procedure is recommended to determine the presence of urine protein.

8.1 Pregnancy

Risk Summary
Available data from published prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case reports over decades of use with gabapentin during pregnancy have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects. The available data are insufficient to evaluate a drug-associated risk of miscarriage and other maternal or fetal outcomes. In nonclinical studies in mice, rats, and rabbits, gabapentin was developmentally toxic (increased fetal skeletal and visceral abnormalities, and increased embryofetal mortality) when administered to pregnant animals at doses similar to those used clinically (see Data).

Postmarketing data suggest that extended gabapentin use with opioids close to delivery may increase the risk of neonatal withdrawal versus opioids alone [see Clinical Considerations]. Although there is at least one report of neonatal withdrawal syndrome in an infant exposed to gabapentin alone during pregnancy, there are no comparative epidemiologic studies evaluating this association. Therefore, it is not known whether exposure to gabapentin alone late in pregnancy may cause withdrawal signs and symptoms.

 
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Neonatal withdrawal syndrome has been reported in newborns exposed to gabapentin in utero for an extended period of time when also exposed to opioids close to delivery. Neonatal withdrawal signs and symptoms reported have included tachypnea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypertonia, irritability, sneezing, poor feeding, hyperactivity, abnormal sleep pattern, and tremor. Reported signs and symptoms that may also be related to withdrawal include tongue thrusting, wandering eye movements while awake, back arching, and continuous extremity movements. Observe neonates exposed to gabapentin and opioids for signs and symptoms of neonatal withdrawal and manage accordingly.

Data
Animal Data
When pregnant mice received oral doses of gabapentin (1,000 or 3,000 mg/kg/day, approximately 3 to 8 times the maximum recommended dose of 1,800 mg on a mg/m 2basis) during the period of organogenesis, embryofetal toxicity (increased incidences of skeletal variations) was observed. The no effect level was 500 mg/kg/day, representing approximately the maximum recommended human dose [MRHD] on a mg/m 2basis. 
When rats were dosed prior to and during mating, and throughout gestation, pups from all dose groups (500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day) were affected. These doses are equivalent to approximately 3 to 11 times the MRHD on a mg/m 2basis. There was an increased incidence of hydroureter and/or hydronephrosis in rats in a study of fertility and general reproductive performance at 2,000 mg/kg/day with no effect at 1,000 mg/kg/day, in a teratology study at 1,500 mg/kg/day with no effect at 300 mg/kg/day, and in a perinatal and postnatal study at all doses studied (500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day). The doses at which the effects occurred are approximately 3 to 11 times the maximum recommended dose of 1,800 mg on a mg/m 2basis; the no-effect doses were approximately 5 times (Fertility and General Reproductive Performance study) and approximately equal to (Teratogenicity study) the MRHD on a mg/m 2basis. Other than hydroureter and hydronephrosis, the etiologies of which are unclear, the incidence of malformations was not increased compared to controls in offspring of mice, rats, or rabbits given doses up to 8 times (mice), 10 times (rats), or 16 times (rabbits) the human daily dose on a mg/m 2basis.
When pregnant rabbits were treated with gabapentin during the period of organogenesis, an increase in embryofetal mortality was observed at 60, 300, and 1,500 mg/kg/day (0.6 to 16 times the MRHD on a mg/m 2basis).
In a published study, gabapentin (400 mg/kg/day) was administered by intraperitoneal injection to neonatal mice during the first postnatal week, a period of synaptogenesis in rodents (corresponding to the last trimester of pregnancy in humans). Gabapentin caused a marked decrease in neuronal synapse formation in brains of intact mice and abnormal neuronal synapse formation in a mouse model of synaptic repair. Gabapentin has been shown in vitro to interfere with activity of the α2δ subunit of voltage-activated calcium channels, a receptor involved in neuronal synaptogenesis. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.

8.2 Lactation

Risk Summary
Gabapentin is present in human milk following oral administration. Adverse effects on the breastfed infant have not been reported. There are no data on the effects of the drug on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for gabapentin and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from gabapentin or from the underlying maternal condition.

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of gabapentin in the management of postherpetic neuralgia in patients less than 18 years of age has not been studied.

8.5 Geriatric Use

The total number of patients treated with gabapentin in controlled clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia was 359, of which 63% were 65 years of age or older. The types and incidence of adverse events were similar across age groups except for peripheral edema, which tended to increase in incidence with age.
Gabapentin is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney. Reductions in gabapentin dose should be made in patients with age-related compromised renal function  [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2)].

8.6 Hepatic Impairment

Because gabapentin is not metabolized, studies have not been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment.

8.7 Renal Impairment

Gabapentin is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney. Dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with impaired renal function. Gabapentin should not be administered in patients with CrCL between 15 and 30 or in patients undergoing hemodialysis  [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2)].

9.1 Controlled Substance

Gabapentin contains gabapentin, which is not a controlled substance.

9.3 Dependence

Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug.

After discontinuation of short-term and long-term treatment with gabapentin, withdrawal symptoms have been observed in some patients. Withdrawal symptoms may occur shortly after discontinuation, usually within 48 hours. In the postmarketing setting, reported adverse reactions have included, but not been limited to, seizures, depression, suicidal ideation and behavior, agitation, confusion, disorientation, psychotic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, nausea, pain, sweating, tremor, headache, dizziness, and malaise. The abuse and dependence potential of gabapentin has not been evaluated in human studies.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

The mechanism of action by which gabapentin exerts its analgesic action is unknown but in animal models of analgesia, gabapentin prevents allodynia (pain-related behavior in response to a normally innocuous stimulus) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated response to painful stimuli). Gabapentin prevents pain-related responses in several models of neuropathic pain in rats and mice (e.g., spinal nerve ligation models, spinal cord injury model, acute herpes zoster infection model). Gabapentin also decreases pain-related responses after peripheral inflammation (carrageenan footpad test, late phase of formulin test), but does not alter immediate pain-related behaviors (rat tail flick test, formalin footpad acute phase). The relevance of these models to human pain is not known.
Gabapentin is structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), but it does not modify GABAA or GABAB radioligand binding, it is not converted metabolically into GABA or a GABA agonist, and it is not an inhibitor of GABA uptake or degradation. In radioligand binding assays at concentrations up to 100 μM, gabapentin did not exhibit affinity for a number of other receptor sites, including benzodiazepine, glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate, kainate, strychnine-insensitive or strychnine-sensitive glycine; alpha 1, alpha 2, or beta adrenergic; adenosine A1 or A2; cholinergic, muscarinic, or nicotinic; dopamine D1 or D2; histamine H1; serotonin S1 or S2; opiate mu, delta, or kappa; cannabinoid 1; voltage-sensitive calcium channel sites labeled with nitrendipine or diltiazem; or at voltage-sensitive sodium channel sites labeled with batrachotoxinin A20-alpha-benzoate. Gabapentin did not alter the cellular uptake of dopamine, noradrenaline, or serotonin.
In vitrostudies with radiolabeled gabapentin have revealed a gabapentin binding site in areas of rat brain including neocortex and hippocampus. A high-affinity binding protein in animal brain tissue has been identified as an auxiliary subunit of voltage-activated calcium channels. However, functional correlates of gabapentin binding, if any, remain to be elucidated. It is hypothesized that gabapentin antagonizes thrombospondin binding to α2δ-1 as a receptor involved in excitatory synapse formation and suggested that gabapentin may function therapeutically by blocking new synapse formation.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

No pharmacodynamic studies have been conducted with gabapentin.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Absorption 
Gabapentin is absorbed from the proximal small bowel by a saturable L-amino transport system. Gabapentin bioavailability is not dose proportional; as the dose is increased, bioavailability decreases.

When gabapentin (1,800 mg once daily) and gabapentin immediate release (600 mg three times a day) were administered with high fat meals (50% of calories from fat), gabapentin has a higher C maxand lower AUC at steady state compared to gabapentin immediate release (Table 5). Time to reach maximum plasma concentration (T max) for gabapentin is 8 hours, which is about 4 to 6 hours longer compared to gabapentin immediate release.

Table 5: Mean ± SD Steady-State Pharmacokinetics for Gabapentin and Gabapentin Immediate Release in Healthy Subjects under high-fat high calorie fed state (Day 5, n = 21)

$T maxis presented as median (range); * relative to most recent dose

Do not use gabapentin tablets as a substitute for other gabapentin products because of differing pharmacokinetic profiles that affect frequency of administration.

Gabapentin should be taken with evening meals. If it is taken on an empty stomach, the bioavailability will be substantially lower. 
Administration of gabapentin with food increases the rate and extent of absorption of gabapentin compared to the fasted state. C maxof gabapentin increases 33 to 84% and AUC of gabapentin increases 33 to 118% with food depending on the fat content of the meal. Gabapentin should be taken with food. 
Distribution 
Gabapentin is less than 3% bound to plasma proteins. After 150 mg intravenous administration, the mean ± SD volume of distribution is 58 ± 6 L.
Elimination
Gabapentin is eliminated by renal excretion as unchanged drug. 
In patients with normal renal function given gabapentin immediate release 1,200 to 3,000 mg/day, the drug elimination half-life (t 1/2) was 5 to 7 hours. Elimination kinetics do not change with dose level or multiple doses. 
Metabolism
Gabapentin is not appreciably metabolized in humans.
Excretion
Gabapentin elimination rate constant, plasma clearance, and renal clearance are directly proportional to creatinine clearance. In elderly patients and patients with impaired renal function, plasma clearance is reduced. Gabapentin can be removed from plasma by hemodialysis. 
Dosage adjustment in patients with compromised renal function is necessary. In patients undergoing hemodialysis, gabapentin should not be administered [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2)].

12.4 Special Populations

Renal Insufficiency:As renal function decreases, renal and plasma clearances and the apparent elimination rate constant decrease, while C maxand t 1/2increase.
In patients (N=60) with creatinine clearance of at least 60, 30 to 59, or less than 30 mL/min, the median renal clearance rates for a 400 mg single dose of gabapentin immediate release were 79, 36, and 11 mL/min, respectively, and the median t 1/2values were 9.2, 14, and 40 hours, respectively.
Dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with impaired renal function [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2)].
Hemodialysis:In a study in anuric adult subjects (N=11), the apparent elimination half-life of gabapentin on nondialysis days was about 132 hours; during dialysis the apparent half-life of gabapentin was reduced to 3.8 hours. Hemodialysis thus has a significant effect on gabapentin elimination in anuric subjects. Gabapentin should not be administered in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Alternative formulations of gabapentin products should be considered in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Elderly:Apparent oral and renal clearances of gabapentin decrease with increasing age, although this may be related to the decline in renal function with age. Reductions in gabapentin dose should be made in patients with age-related compromised renal function [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2)].
Hepatic Impairment:Because gabapentin is not metabolized, studies have not been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment.
Pediatrics:The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin have not been studied in patients less than 18 years of age.
Gender:Although no formal study has been conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in men and women, it appears that the pharmacokinetic parameters for males and females are similar and there are no significant gender differences.
Race:Pharmacokinetic differences due to race have not been studied. Because gabapentin is primarily renally excreted and there are no important racial differences in creatinine clearance, pharmacokinetic differences due to race are not expected.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenesis
Gabapentin was given in the diet to mice at 200, 600, and 2,000 mg/kg/day and to rats at 250, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg/day for 2 years. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of pancreatic acinar cell adenoma and carcinomas was found in male rats receiving the high dose; the no-effect dose for the occurrence of carcinomas was 1,000 mg/kg/day. Peak plasma concentrations of gabapentin in rats receiving the high dose of 2,000 mg/kg/day were more than 10 times higher than plasma concentrations in humans receiving 1,800 mg per day and in rats receiving 1,000 mg/kg/day peak plasma concentrations were more than 6.5 times higher than in humans receiving 1,800 mg/day. The pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas did not affect survival, did not metastasize and were not locally invasive. The relevance of this finding to carcinogenic risk in humans is unclear. 
Studies designed to investigate the mechanism of gabapentin-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats indicate that gabapentin stimulates DNA synthesis in rat pancreatic acinar cells in vitroand, thus, may be acting as a tumor promoter by enhancing mitogenic activity. It is not known whether gabapentin has the ability to increase cell proliferation in other cell types or in other species, including humans. 
Mutagenesis
Gabapentin did not demonstrate mutagenic or genotoxic potential in 3 in vitroand 4 in vivoassays. It was negative in the Ames test and the in vitroHGPRT forward mutation assay in Chinese hamster lung cells; it did not produce significant increases in chromosomal aberrations in the in vitroChinese hamster lung cell assay; it was negative in the in vivochromosomal aberration assay and in the in vivomicronucleus test in Chinese hamster bone marrow; it was negative in the in vivomouse micronucleus assay; and it did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes from rats given gabapentin. 
Impairment of Fertility
No adverse effects on fertility or reproduction were observed in rats at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg (approximately 11 times the maximum recommended human dose on an mg/m 2basis).