Label: ALPRAZOLAM XR- alprazolam tablet, extended release
- NDC Code(s): 59762-0057-1, 59762-0059-1, 59762-0066-1, 59762-0068-1
- Packager: Greenstone LLC
- Category: HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL
- DEA Schedule: CIV
- Marketing Status: New Drug Application Authorized Generic
Drug Label Information
Updated May 4, 2021
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HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use Alprazolam XR safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for Alprazolam XR.
Alprazolam XR extended-release tablets, for oral use, CIV
Initial U.S. Approval: 1981WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDS; ABUSE, MISUSE, AND ADDICTION; and DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL REACTIONS
See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
- •
- Concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. (5.1, 7.1)
- •
- The use of benzodiazepines, including Alprazolam XR, exposes users to risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Before prescribing Alprazolam XR and throughout treatment, assess each patient's risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction. (5.2)
- •
- Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of Alprazolam XR after continued use may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening. To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue Alprazolam XR or reduce the dosage. (2.2, 5.3)
RECENT MAJOR CHANGES
2/2021
Dosage and Administration (2.2)
2/2021
2/2021
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Alprazolam XR is a benzodiazepine indicated for the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, in adults. (1)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
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- Recommended starting oral dosage is 0.5 mg to 1 mg once daily (preferably in the morning). Depending on the response, the dose may be increased at intervals of 3 to 4 days in increments of no more than 1 mg daily. (2.1)
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- Recommended total daily dosage is 3 mg to 6 mg daily. (2.1)
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- Swallow tablets whole; do not divide, crush, or chew. (2.1)
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- When tapering, decrease dosage by no more than 0.5 mg every 3 days. Some patients may require an even slower dosage reduction. (2.2, 5.2)
- •
- See the Full Prescribing Information for the recommended dosage in geriatric patients, patients with hepatic impairment, and with use with ritonavir. (2.3, 2.4, 2.5)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Extended Release Tablets: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, and 3 mg (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
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- Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery: Patients receiving Alprazolam XR should be cautioned against operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle, as well as avoiding concomitant use of alcohol and other central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs. (5.4)
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- Neonatal Sedation and Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS): Use of Alprazolam XR during pregnancy can result in neonatal sedation and neonatal withdrawal syndrome. (5.5, 8.1)
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- Patients with Depression: Exercise caution in patients with signs or symptoms of depression. Prescribe the least number of tablets feasible to avoid intentional overdosage. (5.7)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most common adverse reactions in panic disorder patients treated with Alprazolam XR (incidence of ≥ 5% and at least twice that of placebo) include: somnolence, memory impairment, dysarthria, coordination abnormal, ataxia, libido decreased, constipation, and nausea. (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Greenstone LLC at 1-800-438-1985 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
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- Use with Opioids: Increase the risk of respiratory depression. (7.1)
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- Use with Other CNS Depressants: Produces additive CNS depressant effects. (7.1)
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- Use with Digoxin: Increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. (7.1)
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- Use with CYP3A Inhibitors (except ritinovir): Increase the risk of adverse reactions of alprazolam. (4, 5.5, 7.1)
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- Use with CYP3A Inducers: Increase the risk of reduced efficacy of alprazolam. (7.1)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and Medication Guide.
Revised: 5/2021
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Table of Contents
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDS; ABUSE, MISUSE, AND ADDICTION; and DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL REACTIONS
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Recommended Dosage
2.2 Discontinuation or Dosage Reduction of Alprazolam XR
2.3 Dosage Recommendations in Geriatric Patients
2.4 Dosage Recommendations in Patients with Hepatic Impairment
2.5 Dosage Modifications for Drug Interactions
2.6 Switching Patients from Alprazolam Tablets to Alprazolam XR Tablets
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioids
5.2 Abuse, Misuse, and Addiction
5.3 Dependence and Withdrawal Reactions
5.4 Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery
5.5 Neonatal Sedation and Withdrawal Syndrome
5.6 Interaction with Drugs that Inhibit Metabolism via Cytochrome P450 3A
5.7 Patients with Depression
5.8 Mania
5.9 Risks in Patients with Impaired Respiratory Function
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Drugs Having Clinically Important Interactions with Alprazolam XR
7.2 Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
8.2 Lactation
8.4 Pediatric Use
8.5 Geriatric Use
8.6 Hepatic Impairment
9 DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
9.1 Controlled Substance
9.2 Abuse
9.3 Dependence
10 OVERDOSAGE
10.1 Clinical Experience
10.2 Management of Overdose
11 DESCRIPTION
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
- *
- Sections or subsections omitted from the full prescribing information are not listed.
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BOXED WARNING
(What is this?)
WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDS; ABUSE, MISUSE, AND ADDICTION; and DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL REACTIONS
- 1.
- Concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Drug Interactions (7.1)].
- 2.
- The use of benzodiazepines, including Alprazolam XR, exposes users to risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes. Before prescribing Alprazolam XR and throughout treatment, assess each patient's risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
- 3.
- The continued use of benzodiazepines, including Alprazolam XR, may lead to clinically significant physical dependence. The risks of dependence and withdrawal increase with longer treatment duration and higher daily dose. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of Alprazolam XR after continued use may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening. To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue Alprazolam XR or reduce the dosage [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
- 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
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2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Recommended Dosage
Administer Alprazolam XR orally once daily, preferably in the morning. Swallow tablets whole; do not divide, crush, or chew.
The recommended starting oral dosage for Alprazolam XR is 0.5 mg to 1 mg once daily. Depending on the response, the dosage may be adjusted at intervals of every 3 to 4 days in increments of no more than 1 mg daily. The recommended dosage range is 3 mg to 6 mg once daily.
Controlled trials of Alprazolam XR for the treatment of panic disorder included dosages in the range of 1 mg to 10 mg per day. Most patients showed a response in the dosage range of 3 mg to 6 mg per day. Occasional patients required as much as 10 mg per day.
The longer-term efficacy of Alprazolam XR has not been systematically evaluated. If Alprazolam XR is used for periods longer than 8 weeks, the healthcare provider should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.
After a period of extended freedom from panic attacks, a carefully supervised tapered discontinuation may be attempted, but there is evidence that this may often be difficult to accomplish without recurrence of symptoms and/or the manifestation of withdrawal phenomena [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
2.2 Discontinuation or Dosage Reduction of Alprazolam XR
To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue Alprazolam XR or reduce the dosage. If a patient develops withdrawal reactions, consider pausing the taper or increasing the dosage to the previous tapered dosage level. Subsequently decrease the dosage more slowly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3), Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3)].
Reduce the dosage by no more than 0.5 mg every three days. Some patients may benefit from an even more gradual discontinuation. Some patients may prove resistant to all discontinuation regimens.
In a controlled postmarketing discontinuation study of panic disorder patients which compared the recommended taper schedule with a slower taper schedule, no difference was observed between the groups in the proportion of patients who tapered to zero dose; however, the slower schedule was associated with a reduction in symptoms associated with a withdrawal syndrome.
2.3 Dosage Recommendations in Geriatric Patients
In geriatric patients, the recommended starting dosage of Alprazolam XR is 0.5 mg once daily. This may be gradually increased if needed and tolerated. Geriatric patients may be sensitive to the effects of benzodiazepines [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.4 Dosage Recommendations in Patients with Hepatic Impairment
In patients with hepatic impairment, the recommended starting dosage of Alprazolam XR is 0.5 mg once daily. This may be gradually increased if needed and tolerated [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.5 Dosage Modifications for Drug Interactions
Alprazolam XR should be reduced to half of the recommended dosage when a patient is started on ritonavir and Alprazolam XR together, or when ritonavir is added to a patient treated with Alprazolam XR. Increase Alprazolam XR dosage to the target dose after 10 to 14 days of dosing ritonavir and Alprazolam XR together. It is not necessary to reduce Alprazolam XR dosage in patients who have been taking ritonavir for more than 10 to 14 days.
Alprazolam XR is contraindicated with concomitant use of all strong CYP3A inhibitors, except ritonavir [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.5), Drug Interactions (7.1)].
2.6 Switching Patients from Alprazolam Tablets to Alprazolam XR Tablets
Patients who are currently being treated with divided doses of alprazolam may be switched to Alprazolam XR at the same total daily dose taken once daily. If the clinical response after switching is inadequate, titrate the dosage as outlined above.
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3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Alprazolam XR extended-release tablets are available as:
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- 0.5 mg: white, pentagonal shaped tablets debossed with an "G" on one side and "0.5" on the other side
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- 1 mg: yellow, square shaped tablets debossed with an "G" on one side and "1" on the other side
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- 2 mg: blue, round shaped tablets debossed with an "G" on one side and "2" on the other side
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- 3 mg: green, triangular shaped tablets debossed with an "G" on one side and "3" on the other side
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4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Alprazolam XR is contraindicated in patients:
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- with known hypersensitivity to alprazolam or other benzodiazepines. Angioedema has been reported [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
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- taking strong cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole), except ritonavir [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Warnings and Precautions (5.5), Drug Interactions (7.1)].
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5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioids
Concomitant use of benzodiazepines, including Alprazolam XR, and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.
Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioids alone. If a decision is made to prescribe Alprazolam XR concomitantly with opioids, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use, and follow patients closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of Alprazolam XR than indicated in the absence of an opioid and titrate based on clinical response. If an opioid is initiated in a patient already taking Alprazolam XR, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid and titrate based upon clinical response.
Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation when Alprazolam XR is used with opioids. Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use with the opioid have been determined [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
5.2 Abuse, Misuse, and Addiction
The use of benzodiazepines, including Alprazolam XR, exposes users to the risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines often (but not always) involve the use of doses greater than the maximum recommended dosage and commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes, including respiratory depression, overdose, or death [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.2)].
Before prescribing Alprazolam XR and throughout treatment, assess each patient's risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction (e.g., using a standardized screening tool). Use of Alprazolam XR, particularly in patients at elevated risk, necessitates counseling about the risks and proper use of Alprazolam XR along with monitoring for signs and symptoms of abuse, misuse, and addiction. Prescribe the lowest effective dosage; avoid or minimize concomitant use of CNS depressants and other substances associated with abuse, misuse, and addiction (e.g., opioid analgesics, stimulants); and advise patients on the proper disposal of unused drug. If a substance use disorder is suspected, evaluate the patient and institute (or refer them for) early treatment, as appropriate.
5.3 Dependence and Withdrawal Reactions
To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue Alprazolam XR or reduce the dosage (a patient-specific plan should be used to taper the dose) [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].
Patients at an increased risk of withdrawal adverse reactions after benzodiazepine discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction include those who take higher dosages, and those who have had longer durations of use.
Acute Withdrawal Reactions
The continued use of benzodiazepines, including Alprazolam XR, may lead to clinically significant physical dependence. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of Alprazolam XR after continued use, or administration of flumazenil (a benzodiazepine antagonist) may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening (e.g., seizures) [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3)].
Protracted Withdrawal Syndrome
In some cases, benzodiazepine users have developed a protracted withdrawal syndrome with withdrawal symptoms lasting weeks to more than 12 months [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3)].
Certain adverse clinical events, some life-threatening, are a direct consequence of physical dependence to alprazolam XR. These include a spectrum of withdrawal symptoms; the most important is seizure [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3)]. Even after relatively short-term use at doses of ≤ 4 mg/day, there is some risk of dependence. Spontaneous reporting system data suggest that the risk of dependence and its severity appear to be greater in patients treated with doses greater than 4 mg/day and for long periods (more than 12 weeks). However, in a controlled postmarketing discontinuation study of panic disorder patients who received alprazolam, the duration of treatment (3 months compared to 6 months) had no effect on the ability of patients to taper to zero dose. In contrast, patients treated with doses of alprazolam greater than 4 mg/day had more difficulty tapering to zero dose than those treated with less than 4 mg/day.
In a controlled clinical trial in which 63 patients were randomized to alprazolam and where withdrawal symptoms were specifically sought, the following were identified as symptoms of withdrawal: heightened sensory perception, impaired concentration, dysosmia, clouded sensorium, paresthesias, muscle cramps, muscle twitch, diarrhea, blurred vision, appetite decrease, and weight loss. Other symptoms, such as anxiety and insomnia, were frequently seen during discontinuation, but it could not be determined if they were due to return of illness, rebound, or withdrawal.
Interdose Symptoms
Early morning anxiety and emergence of anxiety symptoms between doses of alprazolam have been reported in patients with panic disorder taking prescribed maintenance doses. These symptoms may reflect the development of tolerance or a time interval between doses which is longer than the duration of clinical action of the administered dose. In either case, it is presumed that the prescribed dose is not sufficient to maintain plasma levels above those needed to prevent relapse, rebound, or withdrawal symptoms over the entire course of the interdosing interval.
5.4 Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery
Because of its CNS depressant effects, patients receiving Alprazolam XR should be cautioned against engaging in hazardous occupations or activities requiring complete mental alertness such as operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle. For the same reason, patients should be cautioned about the concomitant use of alcohol and other CNS depressant drugs during treatment with Alprazolam XR [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
5.5 Neonatal Sedation and Withdrawal Syndrome
Use of Alprazolam XR during the later stages of pregnancy can result in sedation (respiratory depression, lethargy, hypotonia) and withdrawal symptoms (hyperreflexia, irritability, restlessness, tremors, inconsolable crying, and feeding difficulties) in the neonate. Observe newborns for signs of sedation and neonatal withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
5.6 Interaction with Drugs that Inhibit Metabolism via Cytochrome P450 3A
The initial step in alprazolam metabolism is hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). Drugs that inhibit this metabolic pathway may have a profound effect on the clearance of alprazolam.
Strong CYP3A Inhibitors
Alprazolam XR is contraindicated in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A such as azole antifungal agents [see Contraindications (4)]. Ketoconazole and itraconazole have been shown in vivo to increase plasma alprazolam concentrations 3.98 fold and 2.70 fold, respectively.
Dosage adjustment is necessary when Alprazolam XR and ritonavir are initiated concomitantly or when ritonavir is added to a stable dosage of Alprazolam XR [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Drug Interactions (7.1)].
Drugs demonstrated to be CYP3A inhibitors on the basis of clinical studies involving alprazolam: nefazodone, fluvoxamine, and cimetidine [see Drug Interaction (7.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Use caution and consider dose reduction of Alprazolam XR, as appropriate, during co-administration with these drugs.
5.7 Patients with Depression
Benzodiazepines may worsen depression. Panic disorder has been associated with primary and secondary major depressive disorders and increased reports of suicide among untreated patients. Consequently, appropriate precautions (e.g., limiting the total prescription size and increased monitoring for suicidal ideation) should be considered in patients with depression.
5.8 Mania
Episodes of hypomania and mania have been reported in association with the use of Alprazolam XR in patients with depression [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
5.9 Risks in Patients with Impaired Respiratory Function
There have been reports of death in patients with severe pulmonary disease shortly after the initiation of treatment with alprazolam. Closely monitor patients with impaired respiratory function. If signs and symptoms of respiratory depression, hypoventilation, or apnea occur, discontinue Alprazolam XR.
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6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:
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- Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioids [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
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- Abuse, Misuse, and Addiction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
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- Dependence and Withdrawal Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
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- Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
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- Neonatal Sedation and Withdrawal Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
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- Patients with Depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]
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- Risks in Patients with Impaired Respiratory Function [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)]
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The information included in the section on Adverse Reactions Observed in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials with Alprazolam XR is based on pooled data of five 6- and 8-week placebo-controlled clinical studies in panic disorder.
Adverse Reactions Observed in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials of Alprazolam XR
Adverse Reactions Reported as Reasons for Discontinuation of Treatment in Placebo-Controlled Trials
Approximately 17% of the 531 patients who received Alprazolam XR in placebo-controlled clinical trials for panic disorder had at least 1 adverse event that led to discontinuation compared to 8% of 349 placebotreated patients. The most common events leading to discontinuation and considered to be drug-related (i.e., leading to discontinuation in at least 1% of the patients treated with Alprazolam XR at a rate at least twice that of placebo) are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation in ≥1% of Alprazolam XR-treated Patients and at least twice the Rate of Placebo-treated Patients in Placebo-Controlled Trials Percentage of Patients Discontinuing Due to Adverse Reactions Alprazolam XR
(n=531)Placebo
(n=349)n=number of patients Nervous system disorders
Sedation
7.5
0.6
Somnolence
3.2
0.3
Dysarthria
2.1
0
Coordination abnormal
1.9
0.3
Memory impairment
1.5
0.3
General disorders/administration site conditions
Fatigue
1.7
0.6
Psychiatric disorders
Depression
2.5
1.2
Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 1% or More Among Patients Treated with Alprazolam XR
Table 2 shows the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred during 6- and 8-week placebo-controlled trials in 1% or more of patients treated with Alprazolam XR where the incidence in patients treated with Alprazolam XR was greater than the incidence in placebo-treated patients. The most commonly observed adverse reactions in panic disorder patients treated with Alprazolam XR (incidence of 5% or greater and at least twice the incidence in placebo patients) were: sedation, somnolence, memory impairment, dysarthria, coordination abnormal, ataxia, libido decreased.
Table 2: Adverse Reactions Occuring in ≥ 1% in Alprazolam-treated Patients and Greater than Placebo-treated Patients in 6 and 8 week Placebo-Controlled Trials Panic Disorder Alprazolam XR
(n=531)Placebo
(n=349)Nervous system disorders
Sedation
45%
23%
Somnolence
23%
6%
Memory impairment
15%
7%
Dysarthria
11%
3%
Coordination abnormal
9%
1%
Mental impairment
7%
6%
Ataxia
7%
3%
Disturbance in attention
3%
1%
Balance impaired
3%
1%
Dyskinesia
2%
1%
Hypoesthesia
1%
<1%
Hypersomnia
1%
0%
General disorders/administration site conditions
Fatigue
14%
9%
Lethargy
2%
1%
Psychiatric disorders
Depression
12%
9%
Libido decreased
6%
2%
Disorientation
2%
0%
Confusion
2%
1%
Depressed mood
1%
<1%
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Appetite increased
7%
6%
Anorexia
2%
0%
Gastrointestinal disorders
Constipation
8%
4%
Nausea
6%
3%
Investigations
Weight increased
5
4
Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications
Road traffic accident
2%
0%
Reproductive system and breast disorders
Dysmenorrhea
4%
3%
Sexual dysfunction
2%
1%
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder
Arthralgia
2%
1%
Myalgia
2%
1%
Pain in limb
1%
0%
Respiratory, thoracic, and mediatinal disorders
Dyspnea
2%
0%
Other Adverse Reactions Observed During the Premarketing Evaluation of Alprazolam XR
Following is a list of other adverse reaction reported by 531 patients with panic disorder treated with Alprazolam XR. Adverse reactions are further categorized by body system and listed in order of decreasing frequency according to the following definitions: those occurring in at least 1/100 patients (frequent); those occurring in less than 1/100 patients but at least 1/1000 patients (infrequent); those occurring in fewer than 1/1000 patients (rare).
- Cardiac disorders: Frequent: palpitation; Infrequent: sinus tachycardia
- Ear and Labyrinth disorders: Frequent: Vertigo; Infrequent: tinnitus, ear pain
- Eye disorders: Frequent: blurred vision; Infrequent: mydriasis, photophobia
- Gastrointestinal disorders: Frequent: diarrhea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain; Infrequent: dysphagia, salivary hypersecretion
- General disorders and administration site conditions: Frequent: malaise, weakness, chest pains; Infrequent: fall, pyrexia, thirst, feeling hot and cold, edema, feeling jittery, sluggishness, asthenia, feeling drunk, chest tightness, increased energy, feeling of relaxation, hangover, loss of control of legs, rigors
- Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Frequent: back pain, muscle cramps, muscle twitching
- Nervous system disorders: Frequent: headache, dizziness, tremor; Infrequent: amnesia, clumsiness, syncope, hypotonia, seizures, depressed level of consciousness, sleep apnea syndrome, sleep talking, stupor
- Psychiatric system disorders: Frequent: irritability, insomnia, nervousness, derealization, libido increased, restlessness, agitation, depersonalization, nightmare; Infrequent: abnormal dreams, apathy, aggression, anger, bradyphrenia, euphoric mood, logorrhea, mood swings, dysphonia, hallucination, homicidal ideation, mania, hypomania, impulse control, psychomotor retardation, suicidal ideation
- Renal and urinary disorders: Frequent: difficulty in micturition; Infrequent: urinary frequency, urinary incontinence
- Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders: Frequent: nasal congestion, hyperventilation; Infrequent: choking sensation, epistaxis, rhinorrhea
- Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Frequent: sweating increased; Infrequent: clamminess, rash, urticaria
- Vascular disorders: Infrequent: hypotension
Discontinuation-Emergent Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 5% or More Among Patients Treated with Alprazolam XR
Table 3 shows the incidence of discontinuation-emergent adverse reactions that occurred during short-term, placebo-controlled trials in 5% or more of patients treated with Alprazolam XR where the incidence in patients treated with Alprazolam XR was 2 times greater than the incidence in placebo-treated patients.
Table 3: Discontinuation-Emergent Symptom Incidence Reported in ≥5% of Alprazolam XR-treated Patients and at least twice the Rate of Placebo-treated Patients in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials Alprazolam XR
n=422 (%)Placebo
n=261 (%)Nervous system disorders
Tremor
28.2
10.7
Headache
26.5
12.6
Hypoesthesia
7.8
2.3
Paraesthesia
7.1
2.7
Psychiatric disorders
Insomnia
24.2
9.6
Nervousness
21.8
8.8
Depression
10.9
5.0
Derealization
8.0
3.8
Anxiety
7.8
2.7
Depersonalization
5.7
1.9
Gastrointestinal disorders
Diarrhea
12.1
3.1
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Hyperventilation
8.5
2.7
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Appetite decreased
9.5
3.8
Musculosketal and connective tissue disorders
Muscle twitching
7.4
2.7
Vascular disorders
Hot flushes
5.9
2.7
There have also been reports of withdrawal seizures upon rapid decrease or abrupt discontinuation of alprazolam [see Warning and Precautions (5.2), Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3)].
Paradoxical reactions such as stimulation, increased muscle spasticity, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, and other adverse behavioral effects such as agitation, rage, irritability, and aggressive or hostile behavior have been reported rarely. In many of the spontaneous case reports of adverse behavioral effects, patients were receiving other CNS drugs concomitantly and/or were described as having underlying psychiatric conditions. Should any of the above events occur, alprazolam should be discontinued. Isolated published reports involving small numbers of patients have suggested that patients who have borderline personality disorder, a prior history of violent or aggressive behavior, or alcohol or substance abuse may be at risk for such events. Instances of irritability, hostility, and intrusive thoughts have been reported during discontinuation of alprazolam in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of alprazolam and/oralprazolam XR. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
- Endocrine disorders: Hyperprolactinemia
- General disorders and administration site conditions: Edema peripheral
- Hepatobiliary disorders: Hepatitis, hepatic failure, jaundice
- Investigations: Liver enzyme elevations
- Psychiatric disorders: Hypomania, mania
- Reproductive system and breast disorders: Gynecomastia, galactorrhea, menstruation irregular
- Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Photosensitivity reaction, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Drugs Having Clinically Important Interactions with Alprazolam XR
Table 4 includes clinically significant drug interactions with Alprazolam XR [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Table 4: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Alprazolam XR Opioids
Clinical implication
The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids increases the risk of respiratory depression because of actions at different receptor sites in the CNS that control respiration. Benzodiazepines interact at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) sites and opioids interact primarily at mu receptors. When benzodiazepines and opioids are combined, the potential for benzodiazepines to significantly worsen opioid-related respiratory depression exists.
Prevention or management
Limit dosage and duration of concomitant use of Alprazolam XR and opioids, and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Examples
Morphine, buprenorphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, alfentanil, butorpenol, codeine, dihydrocodeine, meperidine, pentazocine, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, tramadol.
CNS Depressants
Clinical implication
The benzodiazepines, including alprazolam, produce additive CNS depressant effects when coadministered with other CNS depressants.
Prevention or management
Limit dosage and duration of Alprazolam XR during concomitant use with CNS depressants [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Examples
Psychotropic medications, anticonvulsants, antihistaminics, ethanol, and other drugs which themselves produce CNS depression.
Strong Inhibitors of CYP3A (except ritonavir)
Clinical implication
Concomitant use of Alprazolam XR with strong CYP3A inhibitors has a profound effect on the clearance of alprazolam, resulting in increased concentrations of alprazolam and increased risk of adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Prevention or management
Concomitant use of Alprazolam XR with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (except ritonavir) is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
Examples
Ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin
Moderate or Weak Inhibitors of CYP3A
Clinical implication
Concomitant use of Alprazolam XR with CYP3A inhibitors may increase the concentrations of Alprazolam XR, resulting in increased risk of adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Prevention or management
Avoid use and consider appropriate dose reduction when Alprazolam XR is coadministered with a moderate or weak CYP3A inhibitor [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
Examples
Nefazodone, fluvoxamine, cimetidine, erythromycin
CYP3A Inducers
Clinical implication
Concomitant use of CYP3A inducers can increase alprazolam metabolism and therefore can decease plasma levels of alprazolam [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Prevention or management
Caution is recommended during coadministration with alprazolam.
Examples
Carbamazepine, phenytoin
Ritonavir
Clinical implication
Interactions involving ritonavir and alprazolam are complex and time dependent. Short term administration of ritonavir increased alprazolam exposure due to CYP3A4 inhibition. Following long term treatment of ritonavir (> 10 – 14 days), CYP3A4 induction offsets this inhibition. Alprazolam exposure was not meaningfully affected in the presence of ritonavir.
Prevention or management
Reduce Alprazolam XR dose when a patient is initiated with ritonavir and Alprazolam XR concomitantly, or when ritonavir is added to a regimen where Alprazolam XR is stabilized.
Increase Alprazolam XR dosage to the target dosage after 10 to 14 days of dosing ritonavir and Alprazolam XR concomitantly. No dosage adjustment of Alprazolam XR is necessary in patients receiving ritonavir for more than 10 to 14 days [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].
Concomitant use of Alprazolam XR with a strong CYP3A inhibitor, except ritonavir, is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].Digoxin
Clinical implication
Increased digoxin concentrations have been reported when alprazolam was given, especially in geriatric patients (>65 years of age).
Prevention or management
In patients on digoxin therapy, measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating Alprazolam XR. Continue monitoring digoxin serum concentration and toxicity frequently. Reduce the digoxin dose if necessary.
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8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
Pregnancy Exposure Registry
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to Alprazolam XR during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the National Pregnancy Registry for Other Psychiatric Medications at 1-866-961-2388 or visiting online at https://womensmentalhealth.org/clinical-and-research-programs/pregnancyregistry/othermedications/.
Risk Summary
Neonates born to mothers using benzodiazepines during the later stages of pregnancy have been reported to experience symptoms of sedation and neonatal withdrawal [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Clinical Considerations]. Overall available data from published observational studies of pregnant women exposed to alprazolam have not established a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data).
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated risk of major birth defects and of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations
Fetal/Neonatal adverse reactions
Benzodiazepines cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and sedation in neonates. Monitor neonates exposed to benzodiazepines during pregnancy and labor for signs of sedation, respiratory depression, withdrawal, and feeding problems and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Data
Human Data
Published data from observational studies on the use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy do not report a clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects. Although early studies reported an increased risk of congenital malformations with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, there was no consistent pattern noted. In addition, the majority of recent case-control and cohort studies of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy, which were adjusted for confounding exposures to alcohol, tobacco, and other medications, have not confirmed these findings. At this time, there is no clear evidence that alprazolam exposure in early pregnancy can cause major birth defects. Neonates exposed to benzodiazepines during the late third trimester of pregnancy or during labor have been reported to exhibit sedation and neonatal withdrawal symptoms.
8.2 Lactation
Risk Summary
Limited data from published literature reports the presence of alprazolam in human breast milk. There are reports of sedation and withdrawal symptoms in breastfed neonates and infants exposed to alprazolam. The effects of alprazolam on lactation are unknown. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including sedation and withdrawal symptoms in breastfed neonates and infants, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Alprazolam XR.
8.4 Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of Alprazolam XR have not been established in pediatric patients.
8.5 Geriatric Use
Alprazolam XR-treated geriatric patients had higher plasma concentrations of alprazolam (due to reduced clearance) compared to younger adults receiving the same doses. Therefore, dosage reduction of Alprazolam XR is recommended in geriatric patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
8.6 Hepatic Impairment
Patients with alcoholic liver disease exhibit a longer elimination half-life (19.7 hours), compared to healthy subjects (11.4 hours). This may be caused by decreased clearance of alprazolam in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Dosage reduction of Alprazolam XR is recommended in patients with hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.4), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
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9 DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
9.1 Controlled Substance
Alprazolam XR contains alprazolam, which is a Schedule IV controlled substance.
9.2 Abuse
Alprazolam XR is a benzodiazepine and a CNS depressant with a potential for abuse and addiction. Abuse is the intentional, non-therapeutic use of a drug, even once, for its desirable psychological or physiological effects. Misuse is the intentional use, for therapeutic purposes, of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a health care provider or for whom it was not prescribed. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence. Even taking benzodiazepines as prescribed may put patients at risk for abuse and misuse of their medication. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines may lead to addiction.
Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines often (but not always) involve the use of doses greater than the maximum recommended dosage and commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes, including respiratory depression, overdose, or death. Benzodiazepines are often sought by individuals who abuse drugs and other substances, and by individuals with addictive disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
The following adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: abdominal pain, amnesia, anorexia, anxiety, aggression, ataxia, blurred vision, confusion, depression, disinhibition, disorientation, dizziness, euphoria, impaired concentration and memory, indigestion, irritability, muscle pain, slurred speech, tremors, and vertigo.
The following severe adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: delirium, paranoia, suicidal ideation and behavior, seizures, coma, breathing difficulty, and death. Death is more often associated with polysubstance use (especially benzodiazepines with other CNS depressants such as opioids and alcohol).
9.3 Dependence
Physical Dependence
Alprazolam XR may produce physical dependence from continued therapy. Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of benzodiazepines or administration of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, including seizures, which can be life-threatening. Patients at an increased risk of withdrawal adverse reactions after benzodiazepine discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction include those who take higher dosages (i.e., higher and/or more frequent doses) and those who have had longer durations of use [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue Alprazolam XR or reduce the dosage [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Acute Withdrawal Signs and Symptoms
Acute withdrawal signs and symptoms associated with benzodiazepines have included abnormal involuntary movements, anxiety, blurred vision, depersonalization, depression, derealization, dizziness, fatigue, gastrointestinal adverse reactions (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite), headache, hyperacusis, hypertension, irritability, insomnia, memory impairment, muscle pain and stiffness, panic attacks, photophobia, restlessness, tachycardia, and tremor. More severe acute withdrawal signs and symptoms, including life-threatening reactions, have included catatonia, convulsions, delirium tremens, depression, hallucinations, mania, psychosis, seizures, and suicidality.
Protracted Withdrawal Syndrome
Protracted withdrawal syndrome associated with benzodiazepines is characterized by anxiety, cognitive impairment, depression, insomnia, formication, motor symptoms (e.g., weakness, tremor, muscle twitches), paresthesia, and tinnitus that persists beyond 4 to 6 weeks after initial benzodiazepine withdrawal. Protracted withdrawal symptoms may last weeks to more than 12 months. As a result, there may be difficulty in differentiating withdrawal symptoms from potential re-emergence or continuation of symptoms for which the benzodiazepine was being used.
Tolerance
Tolerance to Alprazolam XR may develop from continued therapy. Tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose). Tolerance to the therapeutic effect of Alprazolam XR may develop; however, little tolerance develops to the amnestic reactions and other cognitive impairments caused by benzodiazepines.
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10 OVERDOSAGE
10.1 Clinical Experience
Manifestations of alprazolam overdosage include somnolence, confusion, impaired coordination, diminished reflexes, and coma. Death has been reported in association with overdoses of alprazolam by itself, as it has with other benzodiazepines. In addition, fatalities have been reported in patients who have overdosed with a combination of a single benzodiazepine, including alprazolam, and alcohol; alcohol levels seen in some of these patients have been lower than those usually associated with alcohol-induced fatality.
10.2 Management of Overdose
If an overdose occurs, consult a Certified Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 for the latest recommendations.
As in all cases of drug overdosage, respiration, pulse rate, and blood pressure should be monitored. General supportive measures should be employed, along with immediate gastric lavage. Intravenous fluids should be administered and an adequate airway maintained. As with the management of intentional overdosing with any drug, it should be borne in mind that multiple agents may have been ingested.
Flumazenil may be useful in situations when an overdose with a benzodiazepine is known or suspected. Prior to the administration of flumazenil, necessary measures should be instituted to secure airway, ventilation, and intravenous access. Flumazenil is intended as an adjunct to, not as a substitute for, proper management of benzodiazepine overdose. Patients treated with flumazenil should be monitored for re-sedation, respiratory depression, and other residual benzodiazepine effects for an appropriate period after treatment. The prescriber should be aware of a risk of seizure in association with flumazenil treatment, particularly in long-term benzodiazepine users and in cyclic antidepressant overdose. The complete flumazenil package insert should be consulted prior to use.
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11 DESCRIPTION
Alprazolam XR contains alprazolam which is a triazolo analog of the 1,4 benzodiazepine class of central nervous system-active compounds.
The chemical name of alprazolam is 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo [4,3-α] [1,4] benzodiazepine. The molecular formula is C17H13ClN4 which corresponds to a molecular weight of 308.76.
The structural formula is represented below:
Alprazolam is a white crystalline powder, which is soluble in methanol or ethanol but which has no appreciable solubility in water at physiological pH.
Each Alprazolam XR extended-release tablet, for oral administration, contains 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, or 3 mg of alprazolam. The inactive ingredients are colloidal silicon dioxide, hypromellose, lactose, and magnesium stearate. In addition, the 1 mg and 3 mg tablets contain D & C yellow No. 10 and the 2 mg and 3 mg tablets contain FD&C blue No. 2.
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12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Alprazolam is a 1,4 benzodiazepine. Alprazolam exerts its effect for the treatment of panic disorder through binding to the benzodiazepine site of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors in the brain and enhances GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of alprazolam and two of its major active metabolites (4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam) are linear, and concentrations are proportional up to 10 mg Alprazolam XR given once daily.
Absorption
Following oral administration of Alprazolam XR in the morning, peak plasma concentration of alprazolam (Cmax) occurs in about 10 hours postdose. Compared to morning dosing, alprazolam Cmax increased by 30% and the Tmax decreased by an hour following dosing at night.
The mean absolute bioavailability of alprazolam following administration of Alprazolam XR is approximately 90%, and the relative bioavailability compared to alprazolam is about 100%. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of alprazolam following administration of Alprazolam XR are similar to that for alprazolam, with the exception of a slower rate of absorption.
Effect of Food
A high-fat meal given up to 2 hours before dosing with Alprazolam XR increased the mean Cmax by about 25%. The effect of this meal on Tmax depended on the timing of the meal, with a reduction in Tmax by about 1/3 for subjects eating immediately before dosing and an increase in Tmax by about 1/3 for subjects eating 1 hour or more after dosing. The extent of exposure (AUC) and elimination half-life (t½) were not affected by eating.
Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution of alprazolam is similar for Alprazolam XR and Alprazolam. Alprazolam is 80% bound to human serum protein, and albumin accounts for the majority of the binding.
Elimination
The mean plasma elimination half-life of alprazolam following administration of Alprazolam XR ranges from 10.7 to 15.8 hours in healthy adults.
Metabolism
Alprazolam is extensively metabolized in humans, primarily by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), to two major active metabolites in the plasma: 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam. The plasma circulation levels of the two active metabolites after both Alprazolam XR and Alprazolam are less than 10% and 4% of the parent, respectively. The reported relative potencies in benzodiazepine receptor binding experiments and in animal models of induced seizure inhibition are 0.20 and 0.66, respectively, for 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam. The low concentrations and low potencies of 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam indicate that they unlikely contribute much to the effects of Alprazolam. A benzophenone derived from Alprazolam is also found in humans. Their half-lives appear to be similar to that of Alprazolam. The pharmacokinetic parameters at steady-state for the two hydroxylated metabolites of Alprazolam (4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam) were similar for Alprazolam and Alprazolam XR, indicating that the metabolism of alprazolam is not affected by absorption rate.
Specific Populations
Geriatric Patients
The mean T1/2 of alprazolam was 16.3 hours (range: 9.0 to 26.9 hours) in healthy elderly subjects compared to 11.0 hours (range: 6.3 to 15.8 hours, n=16) in healthy adult subjects.
Obese Patients
The mean T1/2 of alprazolam was 21.8 hours (range: 9.9 to 40.4 hours) in a group of obese subjects.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment
The mean T1/2 of alprazolam was 19.7 hours (range: 5.8 to 65.3 hours) in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
Drug Interaction Studies
In Vivo Studies
Most of the interactions that have been documented with alprazolam are with drugs that modulate CYP3A4 activity.
Compounds that are inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A would be expected to increase or decrease plasma alprazolam concentrations, respectively. Drug products that have been studied in vivo, along with their effect on increasing alprazolam AUC, are as follows: ketoconazole, 3.98 fold; itraconazole, 2.66 fold; nefazodone, 1.98 fold; fluvoxamine, 1.96 fold; and erythromycin, 1.61 fold [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.5), Drug Interactions (7.2)]. Other studied drugs include:
Cimetidine: Coadministration of cimetidine increased the maximum plasma concentration of alprazolam by 82%, decreased clearance by 42%, and increased T1/2 by 16%.
Fluoxetine: Coadministration of fluoxetine with alprazolam increased the maximum plasma concentration of alprazolam by 46%, decreased clearance by 21%, increased T1/2 by 17%, and decreased measured psychomotor performance.
Oral Contraceptives: Coadministration of oral contraceptives increased the maximum plasma concentration of alprazolam by 18%, decreased clearance by 22%, and increased T1/2 by 29%.
Carbamazepine: The oral clearance of alprazolam (given in a 0.8 mg single dose) was increased from 0.90±0.21 mL/min/kg to 2.13±0.54 mL/min/kg and the elimination T1/2 was shortened (from 17.1±4.9 to 7.7 ±1.7 hour) following administration of 300 mg per day carbamazepine for 10 days [see Drug Interactions (7.2)]. However, the carbamazepine dose used in this study was fairly low compared to the recommended doses (1000–1200 mg per day); the effect at usual carbamazepine doses is unknown.
Ritonavir: Interactions involving HIV protease inhibitors (e.g, ritonavir) and alprazolam are complex and time dependent. Short-term low doses of ritonavir (4 doses of 200 mg) increased mean AUC of alprazolam by about 2.5-fold, and did not significantly affect Cmax of alprazolam. The elimination T1/2 was prolonged (30 hours versus 13 hours). However, upon extended exposure to ritonavir (500 mg, twice daily for 10 days), CYP3A induction offset this inhibition. Alprazolam AUC and Cmax was reduced by 12% and 16%, respectively, in the presence of ritonavir. The elimination T1/2 of alprazolam was not significantly changed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
Sertraline: A single dose of alprazolam 1 mg and steady state dose of sertraline (50 to 150 mg per day) did not reveal any clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam.
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13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
No evidence of carcinogenic potential was observed in rats or mice administered alprazolam for 2 years at doses up to 30 and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are 29 times and 4.8 times the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg/day based on mg/m2 body surface area, respectively.
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
When rats were treated with alprazolam at oral doses of 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg per day (3 to 29 times the maximum recommended human dose based on mg/m2 body surface area) for 2 years, a tendency for a dose related increase in the number of cataracts was observed in females and a tendency for a dose related increase in corneal vascularization was observed in males. These lesions did not appear until after 11 months of treatment.
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14 CLINICAL STUDIES
The efficacy of Alprazolam XR in the treatment of panic disorder in adults was established in two 6-week, flexible-dose, placebo-controlled studies in adult patients meeting DSM-III criteria for panic disorder. In these studies, patients were treated with Alprazolam XR in a dose range of 1 mg to 10 mg once per day. The effectiveness of Alprazolam XR was assessed on the basis of changes in various measures of panic attack frequency, on various measures of the Clinical Global Impression, and on the Overall Phobia Scale. In all, there were 7 primary efficacy measures in these studies, and Alprazolam XR was superior to placebo on all 7 outcomes in both studies. The mean dose of Alprazolam XR at the last treatment visit was 4.2 mg per day in the first study and 4.6 mg per day in the second.
In addition, there were two 8-week, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled studies of Alprazolam XR in adult patients with panic disorder, involving fixed Alprazolam XR doses of 4 mg and 6 mg/ once per day that did not show a benefit for either dose of Alprazolam XR.
Analyses of the relationship between treatment outcome and gender did not suggest any differential responsiveness on the basis of gender.
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16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
Alprazolam XR is supplied in the following strengths and package configurations:
Alprazolam XR Tablets Package Configuration Tablet Strength (mg) NDC Print Bottles of 60
0.5 mg
NDC 59762-0057-1
white, pentagonal shaped tablets debossed with an "G" on one side and "0.5" on the other side
Bottles of 60
1 mg
NDC 59762-0059-1
yellow, square shaped tablets debossed with an "G" on one side and "1" on the other side
Bottles of 60
2 mg
NDC 59762-0066-1
blue, round shaped tablets debossed with an "G" on one side and "2" on the other side
Bottles of 60
3 mg
NDC 59762-0068-1
green, triangular shaped tablets debossed with an "G" on one side and "3" on the other side
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17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioids
Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of potentially fatal respiratory depression and sedation when Alprazolam XR is used with opioids and not to use such drugs concomitantly unless supervised by a healthcare provider. Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use with the opioid have been determined [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Drug Interactions (7.1)].
Abuse, Misuse, and Addiction
Inform patients that the use of Alprazolam XR, even at recommended dosages, exposes users to risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose and death, especially when used in combination with other medications (e.g., opioid analgesics), alcohol, and/or illicit substances. Inform patients about the signs and symptoms of benzodiazepine abuse, misuse, and addiction; to seek medical help if they develop these signs and/or symptoms; and on the proper disposal of unused drug [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.2)].
Withdrawal Reactions
Inform patients that the continued use of Alprazolam XR may lead to clinically significant physical dependence and that abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of Alprazolam XR may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening. Inform patients that in some cases, patients taking benzodiazepines have developed a protracted withdrawal syndrome with withdrawal symptoms lasting weeks to more than 12 months. Instruct patients that discontinuation or dosage reduction of Alprazolam XR may require a slow taper [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3), Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3)].
Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery
Advise patients not to drive a motor vehicle or operate heavy machinery while taking Alprazolam XR due to its CNS depressant effects. Also advise patients to avoid use of alcohol or other CNS depressants while taking Alprazolam XR [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Patients with Depression
Advise patients, their families and caregivers to look for signs of suicidality or worsening depression, and to inform the patient's healthcare provider immediately [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
Concomitant Medications
Advise patients to inform their healthcare provider of all medicines they take, including prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins and herbal supplements [see Drug Interactions (7)].
Pregnancy
Benzodiazepines cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and sedation in neonates. Advise mothers using Alprazolam XR to monitor neonates for signs of sedation, respiratory depression, withdrawal symptoms, and feeding problems. Instruct patients to inform their healthcare provider if they are pregnant or intend to become pregnant during treatment with Alprazolam XR [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Advise patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to Alprazolam XR during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Lactation
Advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with Alprazolam XR [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].
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MEDICATION GUIDE
MEDICATION GUIDE
Alprazolam XR
extended-release tablets, C-IVThis Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Revised 3/2021 What is the most important information I should know about Alprazolam XR?
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Alprazolam XR is a benzodiazepine medicine. Taking benzodiazepines with opioid medicines, alcohol, or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants (including street drugs) can cause severe drowsiness, breathing problems (respiratory depression), coma and death. Get emergency help right away if any of the following happens: Do not drive or operate heavy machinery until you know how taking Alprazolam XR with opioids affects you.
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- shallow or slowed breathing
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- breathing stops (which may lead to the heart stopping)
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- excessive sleepiness (sedation)
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Risk of abuse, misuse, and addiction. There is a risk of abuse, misuse, and addiction with benzodiazepines including Alprazolam XR which can lead to overdose and serious side effects including coma and death.
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- Serious side effects including coma and death have happened in people who have abused or misused benzodiazepines, including Alprazolam XR. These serious side effects may also include delirium, paranoia, suicidal thoughts or actions, seizures, and difficulty breathing. Call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away if you get any of these serious side effects.
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- You can develop an addiction even if you take Alprazolam XR as prescribed by your healthcare provider.
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- Take Alprazolam XR exactly as your healthcare provider prescribed.
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- Do not share your Alprazolam XR with other people.
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- Keep Alprazolam XR in a safe place and away from children.
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Physical dependence and withdrawal reactions. Alprazolam XR can cause physical dependence and withdrawal reactions.
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- Do not suddenly stop taking Alprazolam XR. Stopping Alprazolam XR suddenly can cause serious and life-threatening side effects, including, unusual movements, responses, or expressions, seizures, sudden and severe mental or nervous system changes, depression, seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear, an extreme increase in activity or talking, losing touch with reality, and suicidal thoughts or actions. Call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away if you get any of the following symptoms.
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- Some people who suddenly stop benzodiazepines, have symptoms that can last for several weeks to more than 12 months, including, anxiety, trouble remembering, learning, or concentrating, depression, problems sleeping, feeling like insects are crawling under your skin, weakness, shaking, muscle twitching, burning or prickling feeling in your hands, arms, legs or feet, and ringing in your ears.
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- Physical dependence is not the same as drug addiction. Your healthcare provider can tell you more about the differences between physical dependence and drug addiction.
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- Do not take more Alprazolam XR than prescribed or take Alprazolam XR for longer than prescribed.
What is Alprazolam XR?
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- Alprazolam XR is a prescription medicine used to treat panic disorder, with or without a fear of places and situations that might cause panic, helplessness, or embarrassment (agoraphobia)
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- Alprazolam XR is a federal controlled substance (C-IV) because it contains alprazolam that can be abused or lead to dependence. Keep Alprazolam XR in a safe place to prevent misuse and abuse. Selling or giving away Alprazolam XR may harm others and is against the law. Tell your healthcare provider if you have abused or been dependent on alcohol, prescription medicines or street drugs.
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- It is not known if Alprazolam XR is safe and effective in children.
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- Elderly patients are especially susceptible to dose related adverse effects when taking Alprazolam XR.
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- It is not known if Alprazolam XR is safe and effective in the treatment of panic disorder for use longer than 8 weeks.
Do not take Alprazolam XR if:
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- you are allergic to alprazolam, other benzodiazepines, or any of the ingredients in Alprazolam XR. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients in Alprazolam XR.
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- you are taking antifungal medicines including ketoconazole and itraconazole
Before you take Alprazolam XR, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:
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- have or have had depression, mood problems, or suicidal thoughts or behavior
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- have liver or kidney problems
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- have lung disease or breathing problems
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- are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Alprazolam XR may harm your unborn baby. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you should take Alprazolam XR while you are pregnant.
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- are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Alprazolam XR passes into your breast milk and may harm your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take Alprazolam XR. You should not breastfeed while taking Alprazolam XR.
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Taking Alprazolam XR with certain other medicines can cause side effects or affect how well Alprazolam XR or the other medicines work. Do not start or stop other medicines without talking to your healthcare provider.
How should I take Alprazolam XR?
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- See "What is the most important information I should know about Alprazolam XR?"
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- Take Alprazolam XR exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to take it. Your healthcare provider will tell you how much Alprazolam XR to take and when to take it.
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- If you take too much Alprazolam XR, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.
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- Swallow Alprazolam XR tablets whole. Do not crush, chew or break Alprazolam XR.
What are the possible side effects of Alprazolam XR?
Alprazolam XR may cause serious side effects, including:
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- See "What is the most important information I should know about Alprazolam XR?"
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- Seizures. Stopping Alprazolam XR can cause seizures and seizures that will not stop (status epilepticus).
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- Mania. Alprazolam XR may cause an increase in activity and talking (hypomania and mania) in people who have depression.
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-
Alprazolam XR can make you sleepy or dizzy and can slow your thinking and motor skills.
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- Do not drive, operate heavy machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how Alprazolam XR affects you.
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- Do not drink alcohol or take other drugs that may make you sleepy or dizzy while taking Alprazolam XR without first talking to your healthcare provider. When taken with alcohol or drugs that cause sleepiness or dizziness, Alprazolam XR may make your sleepiness or dizziness much worse.
The most common side effects of Alprazolam XR include:
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- sleepiness
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- trouble saying words clearly (dysarthria)
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- problems with memory
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- problems with coordination
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- changes in sex drive (libido)
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- constipation
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- nausea
These are not all the possible side effects of Alprazolam XR. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I store Alprazolam XR?
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- Store Alprazolam XR at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C)
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- Keep Alprazolam XR and all medicines out of the reach of children.
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- General information about the safe and effective use of Alprazolam XR.
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- Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide.
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- Do not use Alprazolam XR for a condition for which it was not prescribed.
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- Do not give Alprazolam XR to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.
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- You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about Alprazolam XR that is written for health professionals.
What are the ingredients in Alprazolam XR?
Active ingredient: alprazolam
Inactive ingredients: lactose, magnesium stearate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and hypromellose. In addition, the 1 mg and 3 mg tablets contain D & C yellow No. 10 and the 2 mg and 3 mg tablets contain FD&C blue No. 2.
This product's labeling may have been updated. For the most recent prescribing information, please visit www.greenstonellc.com.
LAB-0823-3.0
- PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 0.5 mg Tablet Bottle Label
- PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 1 mg Tablet Bottle Label
- PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 2 mg Tablet Bottle Label
- PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 3 mg Tablet Bottle Label
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INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
ALPRAZOLAM XR
alprazolam tablet, extended releaseProduct Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:59762-0057 Route of Administration ORAL DEA Schedule CIV Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength ALPRAZOLAM (UNII: YU55MQ3IZY) (ALPRAZOLAM - UNII:YU55MQ3IZY) ALPRAZOLAM 0.5 mg Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength LACTOSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM (UNII: J2B2A4N98G) MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30) SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4) HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 3NXW29V3WO) Product Characteristics Color WHITE Score no score Shape PENTAGON (5 SIDED) (pentagon) Size 9mm Flavor Imprint Code G;0;5 Contains Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:59762-0057-1 60 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product 01/17/2003 Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC NDA021434 01/17/2003 ALPRAZOLAM XR
alprazolam tablet, extended releaseProduct Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:59762-0059 Route of Administration ORAL DEA Schedule CIV Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength ALPRAZOLAM (UNII: YU55MQ3IZY) (ALPRAZOLAM - UNII:YU55MQ3IZY) ALPRAZOLAM 1 mg Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength LACTOSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM (UNII: J2B2A4N98G) MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30) SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4) HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 3NXW29V3WO) D&C YELLOW NO. 10 (UNII: 35SW5USQ3G) Product Characteristics Color YELLOW Score no score Shape SQUARE Size 8mm Flavor Imprint Code G;1 Contains Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:59762-0059-1 60 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product 01/17/2003 Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC NDA021434 01/17/2003 ALPRAZOLAM XR
alprazolam tablet, extended releaseProduct Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:59762-0066 Route of Administration ORAL DEA Schedule CIV Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength ALPRAZOLAM (UNII: YU55MQ3IZY) (ALPRAZOLAM - UNII:YU55MQ3IZY) ALPRAZOLAM 2 mg Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength LACTOSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM (UNII: J2B2A4N98G) MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30) SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4) HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 3NXW29V3WO) FD&C BLUE NO. 2 (UNII: L06K8R7DQK) Product Characteristics Color BLUE Score no score Shape ROUND Size 10mm Flavor Imprint Code G;2 Contains Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:59762-0066-1 60 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product 01/17/2003 Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC NDA021434 01/17/2003 ALPRAZOLAM XR
alprazolam tablet, extended releaseProduct Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:59762-0068 Route of Administration ORAL DEA Schedule CIV Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength ALPRAZOLAM (UNII: YU55MQ3IZY) (ALPRAZOLAM - UNII:YU55MQ3IZY) ALPRAZOLAM 3 mg Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength LACTOSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM (UNII: J2B2A4N98G) MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30) SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4) HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 3NXW29V3WO) D&C YELLOW NO. 10 (UNII: 35SW5USQ3G) FD&C BLUE NO. 2 (UNII: L06K8R7DQK) Product Characteristics Color GREEN Score no score Shape TRIANGLE Size 10mm Flavor Imprint Code G;3 Contains Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:59762-0068-1 60 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product 01/17/2003 Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC NDA021434 01/17/2003 Labeler - Greenstone LLC (825560733) Establishment Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations Viatris Pharmaceuticals LLC 829084545 ANALYSIS(59762-0057, 59762-0059, 59762-0066, 59762-0068) , MANUFACTURE(59762-0057, 59762-0059, 59762-0066, 59762-0068) Establishment Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations Pharmacia & Upjohn Company LLC 618054084 API MANUFACTURE(59762-0057, 59762-0059, 59762-0066, 59762-0068) Establishment Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations Viatris Pharmaceuticals LLC 829084552 PACK(59762-0057, 59762-0059, 59762-0066, 59762-0068) Establishment Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations Pfizer Italia S.r.l. 458521908 ANALYSIS(59762-0057, 59762-0059, 59762-0066, 59762-0068) , MANUFACTURE(59762-0057, 59762-0059, 59762-0066, 59762-0068) , PACK(59762-0057, 59762-0059, 59762-0066, 59762-0068) Establishment Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals 986019327 ANALYSIS(59762-0057, 59762-0059, 59762-0066, 59762-0068) , MANUFACTURE(59762-0057, 59762-0059, 59762-0066, 59762-0068)