INVOKAMET

INVOKAMET is a combination of canagliflozin and metformin HCl immediate-release indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients aged 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

INVOKAMET XR

INVOKAMET XR is a combination of canagliflozin and metformin HCl extended-release indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients aged 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

2.1 Prior to Initiation of INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR

Assess renal function before initiating INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR and as clinically indicated [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Contraindications (4), and Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.4)].

In patients with volume depletion, correct this condition before initiating INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)and Use in Specific Populations (8.5, 8.6)] .

2.2 Recommended Dosage and Administration

2.3 Recommended Dosage in Adults and Pediatric Patients Aged 10 Years and Older with Renal Impairment

• Initiation of INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR is not recommended in adults or pediatric patients aged 10 years and older with an eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2, due to the metformin component.
• Table 2 provides dosage recommendations for adults and pediatric patients aged 10 years and older with renal impairment, based on eGFR [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)and Clinical Studies (14.4)].

2.4 Concomitant Use with UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Enzyme Inducers

When co-administering INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR with an inducer of UGT (e.g., rifampin, phenytoin, phenobarbital, ritonavir), increase the total daily dosage of canagliflozin based on renal function [see Drug Interactions (7)] :

• In patients with eGFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2or greater, increase the total daily dosage of canagliflozin to 200 mg in patients currently tolerating a total daily dosage of canagliflozin 100 mg. The maximum total daily dosage of canagliflozin is 300 mg.
• In patients with eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2, increase the total daily dosage of canagliflozin to a maximum of 200 mg in patients currently tolerating a total daily dosage of canagliflozin 100 mg.

2.5 Discontinuation for Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures

Discontinue INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure; restart INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR if renal function is stable [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] .

2.6 Temporary Interruption for Surgery

Withhold INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR at least 3 days, if possible, prior to surgery or procedures associated with prolonged fasting. Resume INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR when the patient is clinically stable and has resumed oral intake [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)].

5.1 Lactic Acidosis

There have been post-marketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis, including fatal cases. These cases had a subtle onset and were accompanied by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, or increased somnolence; however, hypothermia, hypotension and resistant bradyarrhythmias have occurred with severe acidosis. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate concentrations (>5 mmol/Liter), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), and an increased lactate:pyruvate ratio; metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL. Metformin decreases liver uptake of lactate increasing lactate blood levels which may increase the risk of lactic acidosis, especially in patients at risk.

If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, general supportive measures should be instituted promptly in a hospital setting, along with immediate discontinuation of INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR. In INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR-treated patients with a diagnosis or strong suspicion of lactic acidosis, prompt hemodialysis is recommended to correct the acidosis and remove accumulated metformin (metformin is dialyzable, with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions). Hemodialysis has often resulted in reversal of symptoms and recovery.

Educate patients and their families about the symptoms of lactic acidosis and if these symptoms occur instruct them to discontinue INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR and report these symptoms to their healthcare provider.

For each of the known and possible risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis, recommendations to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis are provided below:

5.2 Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Other Ketoacidosis

In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR significantly increases the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening event, beyond the background rate. In placebo-controlled trials of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the risk of ketoacidosis was markedly increased in patients who received sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors compared to patients who received placebo; this risk may be greater with higher doses of INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR. INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR is not indicated for glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and pancreatic disorders (e.g., history of pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery) are also risk factors for ketoacidosis. There have been postmarketing reports of fatal events of ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using SGLT2 inhibitors, including INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR.

Precipitating conditions for diabetic ketoacidosis or other ketoacidosis include under-insulinization due to insulin dose reduction or missed insulin doses, acute febrile illness, reduced caloric intake, ketogenic diet, surgery, volume depletion, and alcohol abuse.

Signs and symptoms are consistent with dehydration and severe metabolic acidosis and include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, generalized malaise, and shortness of breath. Blood glucose levels at presentation may be below those typically expected for diabetic ketoacidosis (e.g., less than 250 mg/dL). Ketoacidosis and glucosuria may persist longer than typically expected. Urinary glucose excretion persists for 3 days after discontinuing INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)] ; however, there have been postmarketing reports of ketoacidosis and/or glucosuria lasting greater than 6 days and some up to 2 weeks after discontinuation of SGLT2 inhibitors.

Consider ketone monitoring in patients at risk for ketoacidosis if indicated by the clinical situation. Assess for ketoacidosis regardless of presenting blood glucose levels in patients who present with signs and symptoms consistent with severe metabolic acidosis. If ketoacidosis is suspected, discontinue INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR, promptly evaluate, and treat ketoacidosis, if confirmed. Monitor patients for resolution of ketoacidosis before restarting INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR.

Withhold INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR, if possible, in temporary clinical situations that could predispose patients to ketoacidosis. Resume INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR when the patient is clinically stable and has resumed oral intake [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)].

Educate all patients on the signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis and instruct patients to discontinue INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR and seek medical attention immediately if signs and symptoms occur.

5.3 Lower Limb Amputation

An increased risk of lower limb amputations associated with canagliflozin, a component of INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR, versus placebo was observed in CANVAS (5.9 vs 2.8 events per 1,000 patient-years) and CANVAS-R (7.5 vs 4.2 events per 1,000 patient-years), two randomized, placebo-controlled trials evaluating adult patients with type 2 diabetes who had either established cardiovascular disease or were at risk for cardiovascular disease. The risk of lower limb amputations was observed at both the 100 mg and 300 mg once daily dosage regimens. The amputation data for CANVAS and CANVAS-R are shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] .

Amputations of the toe and midfoot (99 out of 140 patients with amputations receiving canagliflozin in the two trials) were the most frequent; however, amputations involving the leg, below and above the knee, were also observed (41 out of 140 patients with amputations receiving canagliflozin in the two trials). Some patients had multiple amputations, some involving both lower limbs.

Lower limb infections, gangrene, and diabetic foot ulcers were the most common precipitating medical events leading to the need for an amputation. The risk of amputation was highest in patients with a baseline history of prior amputation, peripheral vascular disease, and neuropathy.

Counsel patients about the importance of routine preventative foot care. Monitor patients receiving INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR for signs and symptoms of infection (including osteomyelitis), new pain or tenderness, sores or ulcers involving the lower limbs, and discontinue INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR if these complications occur.

5.4 Volume Depletion

Canagliflozin can cause intravascular volume contraction which may sometimes manifest as symptomatic hypotension or acute transient changes in creatinine [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . There have been post-marketing reports of acute kidney injury which are likely related to volume depletion, some requiring hospitalizations and dialysis, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, including canagliflozin. Patients with impaired renal function (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2), elderly patients, or patients on loop diuretics may be at increased risk for volume depletion or hypotension. Before initiating INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR in patients with one or more of these characteristics, assess and correct volume status. Monitor for signs and symptoms of volume depletion after initiating therapy.

5.5 Urosepsis and Pyelonephritis

There have been postmarketing reports of serious urinary tract infections including urosepsis and pyelonephritis requiring hospitalization in patients receiving canagliflozin. Treatment with INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR increases the risk for urinary tract infections. Evaluate patients for signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections and treat promptly, if indicated [see Adverse Reactions (6)] .

5.6 Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues

Insulin and insulin secretagogues are known to cause hypoglycemia. INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when combined with insulin or an insulin secretagogue [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . The risk of hypoglycemia may be lowered by a reduction in the dose of sulfonylurea (or other concomitantly administered insulin secretagogues) or insulin. Inform patients using these concomitant medications of the risk of hypoglycemia and educate them on the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia.

5.7 Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Perineum (Fournier's Gangrene)

Reports of necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum (Fournier's gangrene), a rare but serious and life-threatening necrotizing infection requiring urgent surgical intervention, have been identified in postmarketing surveillance in patients with diabetes mellitus receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, including canagliflozin. Cases have been reported in both females and males. Serious outcomes have included hospitalization, multiple surgeries, and death.

Patients treated with INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR presenting with pain or tenderness, erythema, or swelling in the genital or perineal area, along with fever or malaise, should be assessed for necrotizing fasciitis. If suspected, start treatment immediately with broad-spectrum antibiotics and, if necessary, surgical debridement. Discontinue INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR, closely monitor blood glucose levels, and provide appropriate alternative therapy for glycemic control.

5.8 Genital Mycotic Infections

Canagliflozin increases the risk of genital mycotic infections. Patients with a history of genital mycotic infections and uncircumcised males were more likely to develop genital mycotic infections [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . Monitor and treat appropriately.

5.9 Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema and anaphylaxis, have been reported with canagliflozin. These reactions generally occurred within hours to days after initiating canagliflozin. If hypersensitivity reactions occur, discontinue use of INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR; treat and monitor until signs and symptoms resolve [see Contraindications (4)and Adverse Reactions (6.1, 6.2)] .

5.10 Bone Fracture

An increased risk of bone fracture, occurring as early as 12 weeks after treatment initiation, was observed in adult patients using canagliflozin in the CANVAS trial [see Clinical Studies (14.3)] . Consider factors that contribute to fracture risk prior to initiating INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] .

5.11 Vitamin B 12Levels

In metformin HCl clinical trials of 29-week duration, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B 12levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients. Such decrease, possibly due to interference with B 12absorption from the B 12-intrinsic factor complex, may be associated with anemia but appears to be rapidly reversible with discontinuation of metformin HCl or vitamin B 12supplementation. Certain individuals (those with inadequate vitamin B 12or calcium intake or absorption) appear to be predisposed to developing subnormal vitamin B 12levels. Measure hematologic parameters on an annual basis and vitamin B 12at 2- to 3-year intervals in patients on INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR and manage any abnormalities [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

6.1 Clinical Studies Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to the rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Canagliflozin has been evaluated in clinical trials in adults and pediatric patients aged 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, canagliflozin has been studied in clinical trials in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who also have heart failure or chronic kidney disease. The overall safety profile of canagliflozin was consistent across the studied indications.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

Additional adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of canagliflozin and/or metformin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Canagliflozin

Metabolism and Nutrition

Ketoacidosis

Renal and Urinary

Acute Kidney Injury

Immune System

Anaphylaxis

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue

Angioedema

Infections

Urosepsis and Pyelonephritis, Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Perineum (Fournier's gangrene)

Metformin HCl

Hepatobiliary

Cholestatic, hepatocellular, and mixed hepatocellular liver injury

8.1 Pregnancy

8.2 Lactation

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Discuss the potential for unintended pregnancy with premenopausal women as therapy with metformin HCl may result in ovulation in some anovulatory women.

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of INVOKAMET and INVOKAMET XR as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus have been established in pediatric patients aged 10 years and older.

Use of INVOKAMET and INVOKAMET XR for this indication is supported by evidence from a 52-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of canagliflozin in 171 pediatric patients aged 10 to 17 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in a pediatric pharmacokinetic study [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)and Clinical Studies (14.2)] . The safety profile of pediatric patients treated with canagliflozin was similar to that observed in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The use of INVOKAMET and INVOKAMET XR for this indication is also supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled trials of metformin HCl immediate-release tablets in adults with additional data from a controlled clinical trial using metformin HCl immediate-release tablets in pediatric patients 10 to 16 years old with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and pharmacokinetic data with metformin HCl extended-release tablets in adults [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)and Clinical Studies (14.1, 14.2)]. In the clinical trial with pediatric patients receiving metformin HCl immediate-release tablets, adverse reactions with metformin HCl immediate-release tablets were similar to those described in adults [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

The safety and effectiveness of INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have not been established in pediatric patients under 10 years of age.

The safety and effectiveness of INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR have not been established in pediatric patients to reduce the risk of:

• major adverse cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established cardiovascular disease (CVD).
• end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), doubling of serum creatinine, cardiovascular (CV) death, and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy with albuminuria greater than 300 mg/day.

8.5 Geriatric Use

8.6 Renal Impairment

8.7 Hepatic Impairment

Use of metformin HCl in patients with hepatic impairment has been associated with some cases of lactic acidosis. INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR is not recommended in patients with hepatic impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Canagliflozin

Canagliflozin is an inhibitor of SGLT2, the transporter responsible for reabsorbing the majority of glucose filtered by the kidney. Canagliflozin is chemically known as (1 S)-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-[[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]methyl]-4-methylphenyl]-D-glucitol hemihydrate and its molecular formula and weight are C 24H 25FO 5S•1/2 H 2O and 453.53, respectively. The structural formula for canagliflozin is:

Canagliflozin is practically insoluble in aqueous media from pH 1.1 to 12.9.

Metformin HCl

Metformin HCl is a biguanide chemically known as 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide HCl and its molecular formula and weight are C 4H 11N 5● HCl and 165.62, respectively. The structural formula for metformin HCl is:

INVOKAMET and INVOKAMET XR

INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR are supplied as film-coated tablets for oral administration. Each 50 mg/500 mg tablet and 50 mg/1,000 mg tablet contains 51 mg of canagliflozin equivalent to 50 mg canagliflozin (anhydrous) and 500 mg or 1,000 mg metformin HCl (equivalent to metformin 389.93 mg and 779.86 mg, respectively).

Each 150 mg/500 mg tablet and 150 mg/1,000 mg tablet contains 153 mg of canagliflozin equivalent to 150 mg canagliflozin (anhydrous) and 500 mg or 1,000 mg metformin HCl (equivalent to metformin 389.93 mg and 779.86 mg, respectively).

INVOKAMET contains the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium (E468), hypromellose, magnesium stearate (E572), and microcrystalline cellulose (E460[i]). The magnesium stearate is vegetable-sourced. The tablets are finished with a commercially available film-coating consisting of the following inactive ingredients: macrogol/PEG3350 (E1521), polyvinyl alcohol (E1203) (partially hydrolyzed), talc (E553b), titanium dioxide (E171), iron oxide yellow (E172) (50 mg/1,000 mg and 150 mg/500 mg tablets only), iron oxide red (E172) (50 mg/1,000 mg, 150 mg/500 mg and 150 mg/1,000 mg tablets only), and iron oxide black (E172) (150 mg/1,000 mg tablets only).

INVOKAMET XR contains the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium (E468), hydroxypropyl cellulose (E463), hypromellose, lactose anhydrous, magnesium stearate (E572) (vegetable-sourced), microcrystalline cellulose (E460[i]), polyethylene oxide, and silicified microcrystalline cellulose (50 mg/500 mg and 50 mg/1,000 mg tablets only). The tablets are finished with a commercially available film-coating consisting of the following inactive ingredients: macrogol/PEG3350 (E1521), polyvinyl alcohol (E1203) (partially hydrolyzed), talc (E553b), titanium dioxide (E171), iron oxide red (E172), iron oxide yellow (E172), and iron oxide black (E172) (50 mg/1,000 mg and 150 mg/1,000 mg tablets only).

INVOKAMET XR tablets provide canagliflozin for immediate-release and metformin HCl for extended-release. Each bilayer tablet is compressed from two separate granulates, one for each active ingredient of the tablet, and finished with a film-coating. The metformin HCl extended-release layer is based on a polymer matrix which controls the drug release by passive diffusion through the swollen matrix in combination with tablet erosion.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

14.1 Glycemic Control Trials in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The effectiveness of INVOKAMET and INVOKAMET XR have been established in clinical trials with canagliflozin in combination with metformin HCl alone, metformin HCl and sulfonylurea, metformin HCl and sitagliptin, metformin HCl and a thiazolidinedione (i.e., pioglitazone), and metformin HCl and insulin (with or without other anti-hyperglycemic agents). The efficacy of canagliflozin was compared to a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (sitagliptin), both as add-on combination therapy with metformin HCl and sulfonylurea, and a sulfonylurea (glimepiride), both as add-on combination therapy with metformin HCl.

Canagliflozin Compared to Glimepiride, Both as Add-on Combination Therapy with Metformin HCl

A total of 1,450 adult patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin HCl monotherapy (greater than or equal to 2,000 mg/day or at least 1,500 mg/day if higher dose not tolerated) participated in a 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in combination with metformin HCl.

The mean age was 56 years, 52% of patients were male, and the mean baseline eGFR was 90 mL/min/1.73 m 2. Patients tolerating maximally required metformin HCl dose (N=928) were randomized after completing a 2-week, single-blind, placebo run-in period. Other patients (N=522) were switched to metformin HCl monotherapy (at doses described above) for at least 10 weeks, then completed a 2-week single-blind run-in period. After the 2-week run-in period, patients were randomized to canagliflozin 100 mg, canagliflozin 300 mg, or glimepiride (titration allowed throughout the 52-week trial to 6 or 8 mg), administered once daily as add-on therapy to metformin HCl.

As shown in Table 15 and Figure 1, at the end of treatment, canagliflozin 100 mg provided similar reductions in HbA 1Cfrom baseline compared to glimepiride when added to metformin HCl therapy. Canagliflozin 300 mg provided a greater reduction from baseline in HbA 1Ccompared to glimepiride, and the relative treatment difference was -0.12% (95% CI: −0.22; −0.02). As shown in Table 15, treatment with canagliflozin 100 mg and 300 mg daily provided greater improvements in percent body weight change, relative to glimepiride.

Table 15: Results from 52–Week Clinical Trial Comparing Canagliflozin to Glimepiride in Combination with Metformin HCl in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus *

Efficacy Parameter	Canagliflozin 100 mg + Metformin HCl (N=483)	Canagliflozin 300 mg + Metformin HCl (N=485)	Glimepiride (titrated) + Metformin HCl (N=482)
* Intent-to-treat population using last observation in the trial prior to glycemic rescue therapy † Least squares mean adjusted for baseline value and stratification factors ‡ Canagliflozin + metformin HCl is considered non-inferior to glimepiride + metformin HCl because the upper limit of this confidence interval is less than the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of < 0.3%. § p<0.001
HbA 1C(%)
Baseline (mean)	7.78	7.79	7.83
Change from baseline (adjusted mean)	-0.82	-0.93	-0.81
Difference from glimepiride (adjusted mean) (95% CI) †	-0.01 ‡ (-0.11, 0.09)	-0.12 ‡ (-0.22, -0.02)
Percent of patients achieving HbA 1C< 7%	54	60	56
Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL)
Baseline (mean)	165	164	166
Change from baseline (adjusted mean)	-24	-28	-18
Difference from glimepiride (adjusted mean) (95% CI) †	-6 (-10, -2)	-9 (-13, -5)
Body Weight
Baseline (mean) in kg	86.8	86.6	86.6
% change from baseline (adjusted mean)	-4.2	-4.7	1.0
Difference from glimepiride (adjusted mean) (95% CI) †	-5.2 § (-5.7, -4.7)	-5.7 § (-6.2, -5.1)

Figure 1: Mean HbA 1CChange in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Canagliflozin or Glimepiride in Combination with Metformin HCl at Each Time Point (Completers) and at Week 52 Using Last Observation Carried Forward (mITT Population)

Canagliflozin Compared to Sitagliptin, Both as Add-on Combination Therapy with Metformin HCl and Sulfonylurea

A total of 755 adult patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on the combination of metformin HCl (greater than or equal to 2,000 mg/day or at least 1,500 mg/day if higher dose not tolerated) and sulfonylurea (near-maximal or maximal effective dose) participated in a 52 week, double-blind, active-controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin 300 mg versus sitagliptin 100 mg in combination with metformin HCl and sulfonylurea. The mean age was 57 years, 56% of patients were male, and the mean baseline eGFR was 88 mL/min/1.73 m 2. Patients already on protocol-specified doses of metformin HCl and sulfonylurea (N=716) entered a 2-week single-blind, placebo run-in period. Other patients (N=39) were required to be on a stable protocol-specified dose of metformin HCl and sulfonylurea for at least 8 weeks before entering the 2-week run-in period. Following the run-in period, patients were randomized to canagliflozin 300 mg or sitagliptin 100 mg as add-on to metformin HCl and sulfonylurea.

As shown in Table 18 and Figure 2, at the end of treatment, canagliflozin 300 mg provided greater HbA 1Creduction compared to sitagliptin 100 mg when added to metformin HCl and sulfonylurea (p<0.05). Canagliflozin 300 mg resulted in a mean percent change in body weight from baseline of -2.5% compared to +0.3% with sitagliptin 100 mg. A mean change in systolic blood pressure from baseline of -5.06 mmHg was observed with canagliflozin 300 mg compared to +0.85 mmHg with sitagliptin 100 mg.

Table 18: Results from 52−Week Clinical Trial Comparing Canagliflozin to Sitagliptin in Combination with Metformin HCl and Sulfonylurea in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus *

Efficacy Parameter	Canagliflozin 300 mg + Metformin HCl and Sulfonylurea (N=377)	Sitagliptin 100 mg + Metformin HCl and Sulfonylurea (N=378)
* Intent-to-treat population using last observation in the trial prior to glycemic rescue therapy † Least squares mean adjusted for baseline value and stratification factors ‡ Canagliflozin + metformin HCl + sulfonylurea is considered non-inferior to sitagliptin + metformin HCl + sulfonylurea because the upper limit of this confidence interval is less than the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of < 0.3%. § p<0.001
HbA 1C(%)
Baseline (mean)	8.12	8.13
Change from baseline (adjusted mean)	-1.03	-0.66
Difference from sitagliptin (adjusted mean) (95% CI) †	-0.37 ‡ (-0.50, -0.25)
Percent of patients achieving HbA 1C< 7%	48	35
Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL)
Baseline (mean)	170	164
Change from baseline (adjusted mean)	-30	-6
Difference from sitagliptin (adjusted mean) (95% CI) †	-24 (-30, -18)
Body Weight
Baseline (mean) in kg	87.6	89.6
% change from baseline (adjusted mean)	-2.5	0.3
Difference from sitagliptin (adjusted mean) (95% CI) †	-2.8 § (-3.3, -2.2)

Figure 2: Mean HbA 1CChange in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Canagliflozin or Sitagliptin in Combination with Metformin HCl and Sulfonylurea at Each Time Point (Completers) and at Week 52 Using Last Observation Carried Forward (mITT Population)

14.2 Glycemic Control Trial in Pediatric Patients Aged 10 Years and Older with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

14.3 Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Canagliflozin is indicated to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established cardiovascular disease (CVD).

The CANVAS and CANVAS-R trials were multicenter, multi-national, randomized, double-blind parallel group, with similar inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients eligible for enrollment in both CANVAS and CANVAS-R trials were: 30 years of age or older and had established, stable, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral artery disease (66% of the enrolled population) or were 50 years of age or older and had two or more other specified risk factors for cardiovascular disease (34% of the enrolled population).

The integrated analysis of the CANVAS and CANVAS-R trials compared the risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event (MACE) between canagliflozin and placebo when these were added to and used concomitantly with standard of care treatments for diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The primary endpoint, MACE, was the time to first occurrence of a three-part composite outcome which included cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke.

In CANVAS, patients were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to canagliflozin 100 mg, canagliflozin 300 mg, or matching placebo. In CANVAS-R, patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to canagliflozin 100 mg or matching placebo, and titration to 300 mg was permitted at the investigator's discretion (based on tolerability and glycemic needs) after Week 13. Concomitant antidiabetic and atherosclerotic therapies could be adjusted, at the discretion of investigators, to ensure participants were treated according to the standard care for these diseases.

A total of 10,134 adult patients were treated (4,327 in CANVAS and 5,807 in CANVAS-R; total of 4,344 randomly assigned to placebo and 5,790 to canagliflozin) for a mean exposure duration of 149 weeks (223 weeks [4.3 years] in CANVAS and 94 weeks [1.8 years] in CANVAS-R) .Approximately 78% of the trial population was White, 13% was Asian, and 3% was Black or African American. The mean age was 63 years and approximately 64% were male.

The mean HbA 1Cat baseline was 8.2% and mean duration of diabetes was 13.5 years with 70% of patients having had diabetes for 10 years or more. Approximately 31%, 21% and 17% reported a past history of neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy, respectively, and the mean eGFR 76 mL/min/1.73 m 2. At baseline, patients were treated with one (19%) or more (80%) antidiabetic medications including metformin HCl (77%), insulin (50%), and sulfonylurea (43%).

At baseline, the mean systolic blood pressure was 137 mmHg, the mean diastolic blood pressure was 78 mmHg, the mean LDL was 89 mg/dL, the mean HDL was 46 mg/dL, and the mean urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) was 115 mg/g. At baseline, approximately 80% of patients were treated with renin angiotensin system inhibitors, 53% with beta-blockers, 13% with loop diuretics, 36% with non-loop diuretics, 75% with statins, and 74% with antiplatelet agents (mostly aspirin). During the trial, investigators could modify anti-diabetic and cardiovascular therapies to achieve local standard of care treatment targets with respect to blood glucose, lipid, and blood pressure. More patients receiving canagliflozin compared to placebo initiated anti-thrombotics (5.2% vs 4.2%) and statins (5.8% vs 4.8%) during the trial.

For the primary analysis, a stratified Cox proportional hazards model was used to test for non-inferiority against a pre-specified risk margin of 1.3 for the hazard ratio of MACE.

In the integrated analysis of CANVAS and CANVAS-R trials, canagliflozin reduced the risk of first occurrence of MACE. The estimated hazard ratio (95% CI) for time to first MACE was 0.86 (0.75, 0.97). Refer to Table 23. Vital status was obtained for 99.6% of patients across the trials. The Kaplan-Meier curve depicting time to first occurrence of MACE is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Time to First Occurrence of MACE

14.4 Canagliflozin Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults with Diabetic Nephropathy and Albuminuria

Canagliflozin is indicated to reduce the risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), doubling of serum creatinine, cardiovascular (CV) death, and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy with albuminuria ˃ 300 mg/day.

The Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation Trial (CREDENCE) was a multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing canagliflozin with placebo in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, an eGFR ≥ 30 to < 90 mL/min/1.73 m 2and albuminuria (urine albumin/creatinine ˃ 300 to ≤ 5,000 mg/g) who were receiving standard of care including a maximum-tolerated, labeled daily dose of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB).

The primary objective of CREDENCE was to assess the efficacy of canagliflozin relative to placebo in reducing the composite endpoint of end stage kidney disease (ESKD), doubling of serum creatinine, and renal or CV death.

Patients were randomized to receive canagliflozin 100 mg (N=2,202) or placebo (N=2,199) and treatment was continued until the initiation of dialysis or renal transplantation.

The median follow-up duration for the 4,401 randomized subjects was 137 weeks. Vital status was obtained for 99.9% of subjects.

The population was 67% White, 20% Asian, and 5% Black or African American; 32% were of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The mean age was 63 years and 66% were male.

At randomization, the mean HbA 1Cwas 8.3%, the median urine albumin/creatinine was 927 mg/g, the mean eGFR was 56.2 mL/min/1.73 m 2, 50% had prior CV disease, and 15% reported a history of heart failure. The most frequent antihyperglycemic agents (AHA) medications used at baseline were insulin (66%), biguanides (58%), and sulfonylureas (29%). Nearly all subjects (99.9%) were on ACEi or ARB at randomization, approximately 60% were taking an anti-thrombotic agent (including aspirin), and 69% were on a statin.

The primary composite endpoint in the CREDENCE trial was the time to first occurrence of ESKD (defined as an eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2, initiation of chronic dialysis or renal transplant), doubling of serum creatinine, and renal or CV death. Canagliflozin 100 mg significantly reduced the risk of the primary composite endpoint based on a time-to-event analysis [HR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.82; p<0.0001] (see Figure 4). The treatment effect reflected a reduction in progression to ESKD, doubling of serum creatinine and cardiovascular death as shown in Table 24 and Figure 4. There were few renal deaths during the trial. Canagliflozin 100 mg also significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization for heart failure [HR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.80; p<0.001].

The Kaplan-Meier curve (Figure 4) shows time to first occurrence of the primary composite endpoint of ESKD, doubling of serum creatinine, renal death, or CV death. The curves begin to separate by Week 52 and continue to diverge thereafter.

Figure 4: CREDENCE: Time to First Occurrence of the Primary Composite Endpoint

Storage and Handling

Keep out of reach of children.

Store at 20 °C to 25 °C (68 °F to 77 °F); excursions permitted between 15 °C to 30°C (59 °F to 86 °F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Store and dispense in the original container. Storage in a pill box or pill organizer is allowed for up to 30 days.

Lactic Acidosis

Explain the risks of lactic acidosis, its symptoms, and conditions that predispose to its development, as noted in Warnings and Precautions (5.1). Advise patients to discontinue INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR immediately and to promptly notify their health care provider if unexplained hyperventilation, myalgias, malaise, unusual somnolence or other nonspecific symptoms occur. Once a patient is stabilized on INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR, gastrointestinal symptoms, which are common during initiation of metformin HCl, are unlikely to recur. Later occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms could be due to lactic acidosis or other serious disease.

Counsel patients against excessive alcohol intake while receiving INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR.

Inform patients about importance of regular testing of renal function and hematological parameters while receiving INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR.

Instruct patients to inform their doctor that they are taking INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR prior to any surgical or radiological procedure, as temporary discontinuation of INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR may be required until renal function has been confirmed to be normal [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] .

Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Other Ketoacidosis

Inform patients that INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR can cause potentially fatal ketoacidosis and that type 2 diabetes mellitus and pancreatic disorders (e.g., history of pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery) are risk factors.

Educate all patients on precipitating factors (such as insulin dose reduction or missed doses, infection, reduced caloric intake, ketogenic diet, surgery, dehydration, and alcohol abuse) and symptoms of ketoacidosis (including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tiredness, and labored breathing). Inform patients that blood glucose may be normal even in the presence of ketoacidosis.

Advise patients that they may be asked to monitor ketones. If symptoms of ketoacidosis occur, instruct patients to discontinue INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR and seek medical attention immediately [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

Lower Limb Amputation

Inform patients that INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR is associated with an increased risk of amputations. Counsel patients about the importance of routine preventative foot care. Instruct patients to monitor for new pain or tenderness, sores or ulcers, or infections involving the leg or foot and to seek medical advice immediately if such signs or symptoms develop [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .

Volume Depletion

Inform patients that symptomatic hypotension may occur with INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR and advise them to contact their doctor if they experience such symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] . Inform patients that dehydration may increase the risk for hypotension and to have adequate fluid intake.

Serious Urinary Tract Infections

Inform patients of the potential for urinary tract infections, which may be serious. Provide them with information on the symptoms of urinary tract infections. Advise them to seek medical advice if such symptoms occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] .

Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues

Inform patients that hypoglycemia has been reported when INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR is used with insulin or insulin secretagogues. Educate patients or caregivers on the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Perineum (Fournier's Gangrene)

Inform patients that necrotizing infections of the perineum (Fournier's gangrene) have occurred with INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR. Counsel patients to promptly seek medical attention if they develop pain or tenderness, redness, or swelling of the genitals or the area from the genitals back to the rectum, along with a fever above 100.4°F or malaise [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)] .

Genital Mycotic Infections in Females (e.g., Vulvovaginitis)

Inform female patients that vaginal yeast infection (e.g., vulvovaginitis) may occur and provide them with information on the signs and symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection. Advise them of treatment options and when to seek medical advice [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)] .

Genital Mycotic Infections in Males (e.g., Balanitis or Balanoposthitis)

Inform male patients that yeast infection of penis (e.g., balanitis or balanoposthitis) may occur, especially in uncircumcised males and patients with prior history. Provide them with information on the signs and symptoms of balanitis and balanoposthitis (rash or redness of the glans or foreskin of the penis). Advise them of treatment options and when to seek medical advice [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)] .

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Inform patients that serious hypersensitivity reactions, such as urticaria, rash, anaphylaxis, and angioedema, have been reported with canagliflozin. Advise patients to report immediately any signs or symptoms suggesting allergic reaction and to discontinue drug until they have consulted prescribing physicians [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)] .

Bone Fracture

Inform patients that bone fractures have been reported in adult patients taking canagliflozin. Provide them with information on factors that may contribute to fracture risk [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)] .

Vitamin B 12Deficiency

Inform patients about importance of regular hematological parameters while receiving INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].

Laboratory Tests

Inform patients that they will test positive for glucose in their urine while on INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR [see Drug Interactions (7)] .

Females of Reproductive Age

Advise pregnant women, and females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus with treatment with INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] . Instruct females of reproductive potential to report pregnancies to their physicians as soon as possible.

Inform females that treatment with INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR may result in ovulation in some premenopausal anovulatory women which may lead to unintended pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)] .

Lactation

Advise women that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)] .

Administration

Instruct patients to keep INVOKAMET or INVOKAMET XR in the original bottle to protect from moisture. Advise patients that storage in a pill box or pill organizer is allowed for up to 30 days.

Instruct patients to take INVOKAMET only as prescribed twice daily with food. If a dose is missed, advise patients not to take two doses of INVOKAMET at the same time.

Instruct patients to take INVOKAMET XR only as prescribed once daily with the morning meal. If a dose is missed, advise patients to take it as soon as it is remembered unless it is almost time for the next dose, in which case patients should skip the missed dose and take the medicine at the next regularly scheduled time. Advise patients not to take more than two tablets of INVOKAMET XR at the same time.

Instruct patients that INVOKAMET XR must be swallowed whole and never crushed, cut, or chewed, and that the inactive ingredients may occasionally be eliminated in the feces as a soft mass that may resemble the original tablet.