1.1 Clostridioides difficile-Associated Diarrhea

DIFICID® is indicated in adult and pediatric patients aged 6 months and older for the treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD).

1.2 Usage

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of DIFICID and other antibacterial drugs, DIFICID should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by C. difficile. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

2.1 Important Administration Instructions

DIFICID is available for oral administration as 200 mg tablets and as granules for oral suspension (40 mg/mL (200 mg/5 mL) when reconstituted). DIFICID is administered orally with or without food.

2.2 Adult Patients

The recommended dosage for adults is one 200 mg DIFICID tablet orally twice daily for 10 days.

2.3 Pediatric Patients (6 Months to Less than 18 Years of Age)

2.4 Preparation and Administration of DIFICID Oral Suspension

DIFICID tablets

200 mg white to off-white film-coated, oblong tablets; each tablet is debossed with "FDX" on one side and "200" on the other side.

DIFICID for oral suspension

White to yellowish white granules; following reconstitution, each mL of white to yellowish white oral suspension contains 40 mg of fidaxomicin (200 mg of fidaxomicin per 5 mL).

5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions

Acute hypersensitivity reactions, including dyspnea, rash, pruritus, and angioedema of the mouth, throat, and face have been reported with DIFICID. If a severe hypersensitivity reaction occurs, DIFICID should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted.

Some patients with hypersensitivity reactions to DIFICID also reported a history of allergy to other macrolides. Physicians prescribing DIFICID to patients with a known macrolide allergy should be aware of the possibility of hypersensitivity reactions.

5.2 Not for Use in Infections Other than C. difficile-Associated Diarrhea

DIFICID is not expected to be effective for the treatment of other types of infections due to minimal systemic absorption of fidaxomicin [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. DIFICID has not been studied for the treatment of infections other than CDAD. DIFICID should only be used for the treatment of CDAD.

5.3 Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Prescribing DIFICID in the absence of proven or strongly suspected C. difficile infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

6.2 Post Marketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of DIFICID. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Hypersensitivity reactions (dyspnea, angioedema, rash, pruritus)

7.1 Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine is an inhibitor of multiple transporters, including P-gp. When cyclosporine was co-administered with DIFICID, plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 were significantly increased but remained in the ng/mL range [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Concentrations of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 may also be decreased at the site of action (i.e., gastrointestinal tract) via P-gp inhibition; however, concomitant P-gp inhibitor use had no attributable effect on safety or treatment outcome of fidaxomicin-treated adult patients in controlled clinical trials. Based on these results, fidaxomicin may be co-administered with P-gp inhibitors and no dose adjustment is recommended.

8.1 Pregnancy

8.2 Lactation

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of DIFICID for the treatment of CDAD have been established in pediatric patients 6 months to less than 18 years of age. Use of DIFICID in these age groups is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled trials of DIFICID in adults with CDAD and pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy data from pediatric trials [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3), Clinical Studies (14.2)]. No new safety signals associated with the use of DIFICID in pediatric patients were identified in the pediatric trials [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

The safety and effectiveness of DIFICID have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 6 months of age.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Of the total number of patients in controlled trials of DIFICID, 50% were 65 years of age and over, while 31% were 75 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness of DIFICID compared to vancomycin were observed between these subjects and younger subjects.

In controlled trials, elderly patients (≥65 years of age) had higher plasma concentrations of fidaxomicin and its main metabolite, OP-1118, versus non-elderly patients (<65 years of age) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. However, greater exposures in elderly patients were not considered to be clinically significant. No dose adjustment is recommended for elderly patients.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Fidaxomicin is an antibacterial drug [see Microbiology (12.4)].

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Fidaxomicin acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract on C. difficile. In a dose-ranging trial (N=48) of fidaxomicin using 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg twice daily for 10 days, a dose-response relationship was observed for efficacy.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic parameters of fidaxomicin and its main metabolite OP-1118 following a single dose of 200 mg in healthy adult males (N=14) are summarized in Table 4.

12.4 Microbiology

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of fidaxomicin.

Neither fidaxomicin nor OP-1118 was mutagenic in the Ames assay. Fidaxomicin was also negative in the rat micronucleus assay. However, fidaxomicin was clastogenic in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Fidaxomicin did not affect the fertility of male and female rats at intravenous doses of 6.3 mg/kg. The exposure (AUC0-t) was approximately 100 times that in humans.

14.1 Clinical Studies of DIFICID in Adult Patients with CDAD

In two randomized, double-blinded trials, a non-inferiority design was utilized to demonstrate the efficacy of DIFICID (200 mg tablets twice daily for 10 days) compared to vancomycin (125 mg four times daily for 10 days) in adults with CDAD.

Enrolled patients were 18 years of age or older and received no more than 24 hours of pretreatment with vancomycin or metronidazole. CDAD was defined by >3 unformed bowel movements (or >200 mL of unformed stool for subjects having rectal collection devices) in the 24 hours before randomization, and presence of either C. difficile toxin A or B in the stool within 48 hours of randomization. Enrolled patients had either no prior CDAD history or only one prior CDAD episode in the past three months. Subjects with life-threatening/fulminant infection, hypotension, septic shock, peritoneal signs, significant dehydration, or toxic megacolon were excluded.

The demographic profile and baseline CDAD characteristics of enrolled subjects were similar in the two trials. Patients had a median age of 64 years, were mainly white (90%), female (58%), and inpatients (63%). The median number of bowel movements per day was 6, and 37% of subjects had severe CDAD (defined as 10 or more unformed bowel movements per day or WBC ≥15000/mm3). Diarrhea alone was reported in 45% of patients and 84% of subjects had no prior CDAD episode.

The primary efficacy endpoint was the clinical response rate at the end of treatment, based upon improvement in diarrhea or other symptoms such that, in the investigator's judgment, further CDAD treatment was not needed. An additional efficacy endpoint was sustained clinical response 25 days after the end of treatment. Sustained response was evaluated only for patients who were clinical successes at the end of treatment. Sustained response was defined as clinical response at the end of treatment, and survival without proven or suspected CDAD recurrence through 25 days beyond the end of treatment.

The results for clinical response at the end of treatment in both trials, shown in Table 6, indicate that DIFICID is non-inferior to vancomycin based on the 95% confidence interval (CI) lower limit being greater than the non-inferiority margin of -10%.

The results for sustained clinical response at the end of the follow-up period, also shown in Table 6, indicate that DIFICID is superior to vancomycin on this endpoint. Since clinical success at the end of treatment and mortality rates were similar across treatment arms (approximately 6% in each group), differences in sustained clinical response were due to lower rates of proven or suspected CDAD during the follow-up period in DIFICID patients.

Restriction Endonuclease Analysis (REA) was used to identify C. difficile baseline isolates in the BI group, isolates associated with increasing rates and severity of CDAD in the US in the years prior to the clinical trials. Similar rates of clinical response at the end of treatment and proven or suspected CDAD during the follow-up period were seen in fidaxomicin-treated and vancomycin-treated patients infected with a BI isolate. However, DIFICID did not demonstrate superiority in sustained clinical response when compared with vancomycin (Table 7).

14.2 Clinical Studies of DIFICID in Pediatric Patients with CDAD

The safety and efficacy of DIFICID in pediatric patients 6 months to less than 18 years of age was investigated in a Phase 3, multicenter, investigator-blinded, randomized, comparative trial (NCT02218372). In this trial, 148 patients were randomized, of whom 142 received either DIFICID or vancomycin in a 2:1 ratio. Randomized patients were stratified by age group as follows: 30 aged 6 months to <2 years, 49 aged 2 to <6 years, 40 aged 6 to <12 years, and 29 aged 12 to <18 years (one patient <6 months of age was enrolled in the trial). Treatment arms were balanced regarding demographics and other baseline characteristics.

Clinical response for patients <2 years of age was defined as the absence of watery stools for at least 2 consecutive days while on treatment and the patient remained well with no requirement for further CDAD therapy through 2 days after completing treatment as assessed by the Investigator. Clinical response for patients ≥2 to <18 years of age was defined as <3 unformed bowel movements for at least 2 consecutive days while on treatment and the patient remained well with no requirement for further CDAD therapy through 2 days after completing treatment as assessed by the Investigator. Sustained clinical response was defined as the proportion of treated patients with confirmed clinical response and no CDAD recurrence through 30 days after end of treatment. The clinical response and sustained clinical response overall and by age groups are presented in Table 8.

16.1 How Supplied

16.2 Storage

Oral Suspension

Remove the bottle from the refrigerator 15 minutes prior to each administration.

Instruct patients or caregivers to use an oral dosing syringe to correctly measure the prescribed amount of medication. Inform patients or caregivers that oral dosing syringes may be obtained from their pharmacy.

Inform the patients or caregivers that DIFICID oral suspension should be prepared by a healthcare professional. Advise them to contact a healthcare professional for any questions regarding administration of DIFICID oral suspension.

Administration with Food

Inform patients and caregivers that DIFICID tablets and oral suspension may be taken with or without food.

Antibacterial Resistance

Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs, including DIFICID, should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When DIFICID is prescribed to treat a C. difficile infection, patients should be told that, although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by DIFICID or other antibacterial drugs in the future.