CEFEPIME- cefepime injection, solution
Baxter Healthcare Corporation
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HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATIONThese highlights do not include all the information needed to use CEFEPIME Injection safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for CEFEPIME Injection.
CEFEPIME injection, for intravenous use Initial U.S. Approval: 1996 INDICATIONS AND USAGECefepime Injection is a cephalosporin antibacterial indicated in the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible isolates of the designated microorganisms: pneumonia (1.1); empiric therapy for febrile neutropenic patients (1.2); uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections (1.3); uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (1.4); and complicated intra-abdominal infections (used in combination with metronidazole) (1.5). To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Cefepime Injection and other antibacterial drugs, Cefepime Injection should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. (1.6) DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
ADVERSE REACTIONS
DRUG INTERACTIONSUSE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION. Revised: 3/2024 |
Cefepime Injection is indicated for pneumonia (moderate to severe) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, including cases associated with concurrent bacteremia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Enterobacter species.
Cefepime Injection as monotherapy is indicated for empiric treatment of febrile neutropenic patients. In patients at high risk for severe infection (including patients with a history of recent bone marrow transplantation, with hypotension at presentation, with an underlying hematologic malignancy, or with severe or prolonged neutropenia), antimicrobial monotherapy may not be appropriate. Insufficient data exist to support the efficacy of cefepime monotherapy in such patients [see Clinical Studies (14)].
Cefepime Injection is indicated for uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis) caused by Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae, when the infection is severe, or caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Proteus mirabilis, when the infection is mild to moderate, including cases associated with concurrent bacteremia with these microorganisms.
Cefepime Injection is indicated for uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only) or Streptococcus pyogenes.
Cefepime Injection is indicated for complicated intra-abdominal infections (used in combination with metronidazole) caused by Escherichia coli, viridans group streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, or Bacteroides fragilis [see Clinical Studies (14)].
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Cefepime Injection and other antibacterial drugs, Cefepime Injection should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
The recommended adult dosages and routes of administration are outlined in Table 1 below for patients with creatinine clearance greater than 60 mL/min. Administer Cefepime Injection intravenously over approximately 30 minutes.
Site and Type of Infection |
Dose |
Frequency | Duration
(days) |
---|---|---|---|
Adults | |||
Moderate to Severe Pneumonia due to S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa*, K. pneumoniae, or Enterobacter species |
1-2 g IV |
Every 8-12 hours |
10 |
Empiric therapy for febrile neutropenic patients [see Indications and Usage (1) and Clinical Studies (14)] |
2 g IV |
Every 8 hours |
7† |
Mild to Moderate Uncomplicated or Complicated Urinary Tract Infections, including pyelonephritis, due to E. coli, K. pneumoniae, or P. mirabilis |
0.5-1 g IV |
Every 12 hours |
7-10 |
Severe Uncomplicated or Complicated Urinary Tract Infections, including pyelonephritis, due to E. coli or K. pneumoniae |
2 g IV |
Every 12 hours |
10 |
Moderate to Severe Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections due to S. aureus or S. pyogenes |
2 g IV |
Every 12 hours |
10 |
Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections (used in combination with metronidazole) caused by E. coli, viridans group streptococci, P. aeruginosa*, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, or B. fragilis. [see Clinical Studies (14)] |
2 g IV |
Every 8-12 hours |
7-10 |
The maximum dose for pediatric patients should not exceed the recommended adult dose. The usual recommended dosage in pediatric patients up to 40 kg in weight for durations as given above for adults is:
Cefepime Injection in Galaxy Container should be used only in pediatric patients who require the entire 1 or 2 g dose and not any fraction thereof.
Adult Patients
Adjust the dose of Cefepime Injection in patients with creatinine clearance less than or equal to 60 mL/min to compensate for the slower rate of renal elimination. In these patients, the recommended initial dose of Cefepime Injection should be the same as in patients with CrCL greater than 60 mL/min except in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The recommended doses of Cefepime Injection in patients with renal impairment are presented in Table 2.
When only serum creatinine is available, the following formula (Cockcroft and Gault equation)1 may be used to estimate creatinine clearance. The serum creatinine should represent a steady state of renal function:
Males: Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) = |
|
Weight (kg) x (140 – age) |
|
72 x serum creatinine (mg/dL) |
|
Females: 0.85 x above value |
Creatinine Clearance
(mL/min) | Recommended Maintenance Schedule | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||
Greater than 60 |
500 mg every |
1 g every |
2 g every |
2 g every |
30–60 |
500 mg every |
1 g every |
2 g every |
2 g every |
11–29 |
500 mg every |
500 mg every |
1 g every |
2 g every |
Less than 11 |
250 mg every |
250 mg every |
500 mg every |
1 g every |
Continuous |
500 mg every |
1 g every |
2 g every |
2 g every |
Hemodialysis* |
1 g on day 1, then 500 mg every 24 hours thereafter |
1 g every |
In patients undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD), Cefepime Injection may be administered at the recommended doses at a dosage interval of every 48 hours (see Table 2).
In patients undergoing hemodialysis, approximately 68% of the total amount of cefepime present in the body at the start of dialysis will be removed during a 3-hour dialysis period. The dosage of Cefepime Injection for hemodialysis patients is 1 g on Day 1 followed by 500 mg every 24 hours for the treatment of all infections except febrile neutropenia, which is 1 g every 24 hours.
Cefepime Injection should be administered at the same time each day and following the completion of hemodialysis on hemodialysis days (see Table 2).
Pediatric Patients
Data in pediatric patients with impaired renal function are not available; however, since cefepime pharmacokinetics are similar in adults and pediatric patients [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)], changes in the dosing regimen proportional to those in adults (see Table 1 and Table 2) are recommended for pediatric patients.
Cefepime Injection in Galaxy Container is for intravenous administration using sterile equipment after thawing to room temperature.
Thawing of Plastic Container
Thaw frozen container at room temperature 25°C (77°F) or under refrigeration 5°C (41°F). Do not force thaw by immersion in water baths or by microwave irradiation.[See How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16).]
Check for minute leaks by squeezing container firmly. If leaks are detected, discard solution as sterility may be impaired.
Do not add supplementary medication.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Visually inspect the container. If the outlet port protector is damaged, detached, or not present, discard container as solution path sterility may be impaired. Components of the solution may precipitate in the frozen state and will dissolve upon reaching room temperature with little or no agitation. Potency is not affected. Agitate after solution has reached room temperature. If after visual inspection the solution remains cloudy or if an insoluble precipitate is noted or if any seals are not intact, the container should be discarded.
Caution: Do not use plastic containers in series connections. Such use could result in air embolism due to residual air being drawn from the primary container before administration of the fluid from the secondary container is complete.
Preparation for intravenous administration.
Cefepime Injection should be administered intravenously over approximately 30 minutes.
Intermittent intravenous infusion with a Y-type administration set can be accomplished with compatible solutions. However, during infusion of Cefepime Injection, it is desirable to discontinue the other solution.
Solutions of cefepime, like those of most beta-lactam antibacterial drugs, should not be added to solutions of ampicillin at a concentration greater than 40 mg per mL, and should not be added to metronidazole, vancomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin sulfate or aminophylline because of potential interaction. However, if concurrent therapy with cefepime is indicated, each of these antibacterials can be administered separately.
As with other cephalosporins, the color of Cefepime Injection tend to darken depending on storage conditions; however, when stored as recommended, the product potency is not adversely affected.
Cefepime Injection is available in the following strengths:
Cefepime Injection is contraindicated in patients who have shown immediate hypersensitivity reactions to cefepime or the cephalosporin class of antibacterials, penicillins or other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs.
Solutions containing dextrose may be contraindicated in patients with known allergy to corn or corn products.
Before therapy with Cefepime Injection is instituted, careful inquiry should be made to determine whether the patient has had previous immediate hypersensitivity reactions to cefepime, cephalosporins, penicillins, or other beta-lactams. Exercise caution if this product is to be given to penicillin-sensitive patients because cross-hypersensitivity among beta-lactam antibacterial drugs has been clearly documented and may occur in up to 10% of patients with a history of penicillin allergy. If an allergic reaction to Cefepime Injection occurs, discontinue the drug and institute appropriate supportive measures.
Serious adverse reactions have been reported including life-threatening or fatal occurrences of the following: encephalopathy (disturbance of consciousness including confusion, hallucinations, stupor, and coma), aphasia, myoclonus, seizures, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Most cases occurred in patients with renal impairment who did not receive appropriate dosage adjustment. However, some cases of neurotoxicity occurred in patients receiving a dosage adjustment appropriate for their degree of renal impairment.
In the majority of cases, symptoms of neurotoxicity were reversible and resolved after discontinuation of cefepime and/or after hemodialysis. If neurotoxicity associated with cefepime therapy occurs, discontinue cefepime and institute appropriate supportive measures.
Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Cefepime Injection, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin-producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial drug use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial drug use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Prescribing cefepime in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
As with other antimicrobials, prolonged use of cefepime may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible microorganisms. Repeated evaluation of the patient’s condition is essential. Should superinfection occur during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
Urinary Glucose
The administration of cefepime may result in a false-positive reaction for glucose in the urine when using some methods (e.g. Clinitest tablets) [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
Coombs' Tests
Positive direct Coombs’ tests have been reported during treatment with cefepime. In patients who develop hemolytic anemia, discontinue the drug and institute appropriate therapy. Positive Coombs’ test may be observed in newborns whose mothers have received cephalosporin antibacterials before parturition.
Prothrombin Time
Many cephalosporins, including cefepime, have been associated with a fall in prothrombin activity. Those at risk include patients with renal or hepatic impairment, or poor nutritional state, as well as patients receiving a protracted course of antibacterial therapy. Prothrombin time should be monitored in patients at risk, and exogenous vitamin K administered as indicated.
The following adverse reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
In clinical trials using multiple doses of cefepime, 4137 patients were treated with the recommended dosages of cefepime (500 mg to 2 g intravenously every 12 hours). There were no deaths or permanent disabilities thought related to drug toxicity. Sixty‑four (1.5%) patients discontinued medication due to adverse reactions. Thirty-three (51%) of these 64 patients who discontinued therapy did so because of rash. The percentage of cefepime-treated patients who discontinued study drug because of drug-related adverse reactions was similar at daily doses of 500 mg, 1 g, and 2 g every 12 hours (0.8%, 1.1%, and 2%, respectively). However, the incidence of discontinuation due to rash increased with the higher recommended doses.
The following adverse reactions (Table 3) were identified in clinical trials conducted in North America (n=3125 cefepime-treated patients).
|
|
INCIDENCE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 1% |
Local adverse reactions (3%), including phlebitis (1.3%), pain and/or inflammation (0.6%)*; rash (1.1%) |
INCIDENCE LESS THAN 1% BUT GREATER THAN 0.1% |
Colitis (including pseudomembranous colitis), diarrhea, erythema, fever, headache, nausea, oral moniliasis, pruritus, urticaria, vaginitis, vomiting, anemia |
At the higher dose of 2 g every 8 hours, the incidence of adverse reactions was higher among the 795 patients who received this dose of cefepime. They consisted of rash (4%), diarrhea (3%), nausea (2%), vomiting (1%), pruritus (1%), fever (1%), and headache (1%).
The following (Table 4) adverse laboratory changes with cefepime, were seen during clinical trials conducted in North America.
|
|
INCIDENCE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 1% |
Positive Coombs’ test (without hemolysis) (16.2%); decreased phosphorus (2.8%); increased Alanine Transaminase (ALT) (2.8%), Aspartate Transaminase (AST) (2.4%), eosinophils (1.7%); abnormal PTT (1.6%), Prothrombin Time (PT) (1.4%) |
INCIDENCE LESS THAN 1% BUT GREATER THAN 0.1% |
Increased alkaline phosphatase, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), calcium, creatinine, phosphorus, potassium, total bilirubin; decreased calcium*, hematocrit, neutrophils, platelets, White Blood Cells (WBC) |
A similar safety profile was seen in clinical trials of pediatric patients.
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Cefepime Injection. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
In addition to the adverse reactions reported during North American clinical trials with cefepime, the following adverse reactions have been reported during worldwide postmarketing experience.
Encephalopathy (disturbance of consciousness including confusion, hallucinations, stupor, and coma), aphasia, myoclonus, seizures, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus have been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Anaphylaxis including anaphylactic shock, transient leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, have been reported.
In addition to the adverse reactions listed above that have been observed in patients treated with cefepime, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported for cephalosporin-class antibacterial drugs:
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, renal dysfunction, toxic nephropathy, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, fall in prothrombin activity, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, and pancytopenia.
The administration of cefepime may result in a false-positive reaction for glucose in the urine with certain methods. It is recommended that glucose tests based on enzymatic glucose oxidase reactions be used [see Warning and Precautions (5.5)].
Risk summary
There are no cases of cefepime exposure during pregnancy reported from postmarketing experience or from clinical trials. Available data from published observational studies and case reports over several decades with cephalosporin use in pregnant women have not established drug-associated risks of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data).
Cefepime was not associated with adverse developmental outcomes in rats, mice, or rabbits when administered parenterally during the period of organogenesis. The doses used in these studies were 1.6 times (rats), approximately equal to (mice) and 0.3 times (rabbits) the maximum recommended clinical dose (see Data).
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
Data
Human Data
While available studies cannot definitively establish the absence of risk, published data from case-control studies and case reports over several decades have not identified an association with cephalosporin use during pregnancy and major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Available studies have methodologic limitations, including small sample size, retrospective data collection, and inconsistent comparator groups.
Animal data
Cefepime was not embryocidal and did not cause fetal malformations when administered parenterally during the period of organogenesis to rats at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day, to mice at doses up to 1200 mg/kg/day, or to rabbits at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day. These doses are 1.6 times (rats), approximately equal to (mice), and 0.3 times (rabbits) the maximum recommended clinical dose based on body surface area.
Risk Summary
Cefepime is present in human milk at low concentration (0.5 mcg/mL). A nursing infant consuming approximately 1000 mL of human milk per day would receive approximately 0.5 mg of cefepime per day. There is no information regarding effects of cefepime on milk production or on the breastfed infant. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for cefepime and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from cefepime or from the underlying maternal condition.
The safety and effectiveness of cefepime in the treatment of uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis), uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, pneumonia, and as empiric therapy for febrile neutropenic patients have been established in the age groups 2 months up to 16 years. Use of Cefepime Injection in these age groups is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of cefepime in adults with additional pharmacokinetic and safety data from pediatric trials [see Clinical Pharmacology (12)].
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 2 months have not been established. There are insufficient clinical data to support the use of Cefepime Injection in pediatric patients under 2 months of age or for the treatment of serious infections in the pediatric population where the suspected or proven pathogen is Haemophilus influenzae type b. In those patients in whom meningeal seeding from a distant infection site or in whom meningitis is suspected or documented, an alternate agent with demonstrated clinical efficacy in this setting should be used.
Cefepime Injection in Galaxy Container should be used only in pediatric patients who require the entire 1 or 2 g dose and not any fraction thereof.
Of the more than 6400 adults treated with cefepime in clinical studies, 35% were 65 years or older while 16% were 75 years or older. When geriatric patients received the usual recommended adult dose, clinical efficacy and safety were comparable to clinical efficacy and safety in nongeriatric adult patients.
Serious adverse events have occurred in geriatric patients with renal impairment given unadjusted doses of cefepime, including life-threatening or fatal occurrences of the following: encephalopathy, myoclonus, and seizures [see Warnings and Precautions (5) and Adverse Reactions (6)].
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and renal function should be monitored [see Clinical Pharmacology (12), Warnings and Precautions (5), and Dosage and Administration (2)].
Adjust the dose of Cefepime Injection in patients with creatinine clearance less than or equal to 60 mL/min to compensate for the slower rate of renal elimination [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].
Patients who receive an overdose should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment. In the presence of renal impairment, hemodialysis, not peritoneal dialysis, is recommended to aid in the removal of cefepime from the body. Accidental overdosing has occurred when large doses were given to patients with impaired renal function. Symptoms of overdose include encephalopathy (disturbance of consciousness including confusion, hallucinations, stupor, and coma), myoclonus, seizures, and neuromuscular excitability [see Warnings and Precautions (5), Adverse Reactions (6), and Dosage and Administration (2)].
Cefepime Injection in Galaxy Containers is a sterile, injectable product consisting of Cefepime Hydrochloride, USP, a semi-synthetic, broad spectrum, cephalosporin antibacterial for parenteral administration. The chemical name is 1-[[(6R,7R)-7-[2-(2-Amino-4-thiazolyl) glyoxylamido]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0] oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl]-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride, 72-(Z)-(O-methyloxime), monohydrochloride, monohydrate, which corresponds to the following structural formula:
Cefepime hydrochloride (monohydrate) has a molecular mass of 571.50 and a molecular formula of C19H25ClN6O5S2•HCl•H2O.
Cefepime Injection in Galaxy Container is a frozen, iso-osmotic, sterile, non-pyrogenic premixed solution supplied for intravenous administration in strengths equivalent to 1 g and 2 g of cefepime [see Dosage and Administration (2)]. It contains the equivalent of not less than 90 percent and not more than 115 percent of the labeled amount of cefepime (C19H24N6O5S2).
The solution is intended for intravenous use after thawing to room temperature. The components and dosage formulations are given in the table below:
Component* | Function | Dosage Formulations | |
---|---|---|---|
1 g in 50 mL | 2 g in 100 mL | ||
|
|||
Cefepime |
active ingredient |
1 g |
2 g |
Dextrose Hydrous, USP |
osmolality adjuster |
1.03 g |
2.06 g |
L-Arginine, USP† |
pH adjuster |
725 mg |
1.45 g |
Hydrochloric Acid† |
pH adjuster |
As needed |
As needed |
Water for Injection, USP |
vehicle |
q.s.‡ 50 mL |
q.s.‡ 100 mL |
Cefepime Injection will range in color from colorless to amber.
The plastic container is fabricated from a specially designed multilayer plastic. Solutions are in contact with the polyethylene layer of this container and can leach out certain chemical components of the plastic in very small amounts within the expiration period. The suitability of the plastic has been confirmed in tests in animals according to the USP biological tests for plastic containers, as well as by tissue culture toxicity studies.
Similar to other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs, the time that the unbound plasma concentration of cefepime exceeds the MIC of the infecting organism has been shown to best correlate with efficacy in animal models of infection. However, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship for cefepime has not been evaluated in patients.
Pharmacokinetic parameters for cefepime in healthy adult male volunteers (n=9) following single 30-minute intravenous infusions of cefepime 500 mg, 1 g, and 2 g are summarized in Table 6. Elimination of cefepime is principally via renal excretion with an average (±SD) half-life of 2 (±0.3) hours and total body clearance of 120 (±8) mL/min in healthy volunteers. Cefepime pharmacokinetics are linear over the range 250 mg to 2 g. There is no evidence of accumulation in healthy adult male volunteers (n=7) receiving clinically relevant doses for a period of 9 days.
CEFEPIME | |||
---|---|---|---|
Parameter | 500 mg IV | 1 g IV | 2 g IV |
Cmax, mcg/mL |
39.1 (3.5) |
81.7 (5.1) |
163.9 (25.3) |
AUC, h•mcg/mL |
70.8 (6.7) |
148.5 (15.1) |
284.8 (30.6) |
Number of subjects (male) |
9 |
9 |
9 |
Distribution
The average steady-state volume of distribution of cefepime is 18.0 (±2.0) L. The serum protein binding of cefepime is approximately 20% and is independent of its concentration in serum.
Concentrations of cefepime achieved in specific tissues and body fluids are listed in Table 7.
Tissue or Fluid | Dose/Route | # of Patients | Mean Time of
Sample Post-Dose (h) | Mean
Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blister Fluid |
2 g IV |
6 |
1.5 |
81.4 mcg/mL |
Bronchial Mucosa |
2 g IV |
20 |
4.8 |
24.1 mcg/g |
Sputum |
2 g IV |
5 |
4 |
7.4 mcg/mL |
Urine |
500 mg IV |
8 |
0-4 |
292 mcg/mL |
1 g IV |
12 |
0-4 |
926 mcg/mL |
|
2 g IV |
12 |
0-4 |
3120 mcg/mL |
|
Bile |
2 g IV |
26 |
9.4 |
17.8 mcg/mL |
Peritoneal Fluid |
2 g IV |
19 |
4.4 |
18.3 mcg/mL |
Appendix |
2 g IV |
31 |
5.7 |
5.2 mcg/g |
Gall Bladder |
2 g IV |
38 |
8.9 |
11.9 mcg/g |
Prostate |
2 g IV |
5 |
1 |
31.5 mcg/g |
Data suggest that cefepime does cross the inflamed blood-brain barrier. The clinical relevance of these data is uncertain at this time.
Metabolism and Excretion
Cefepime is metabolized to N-methylpyrrolidine (NMP), which is rapidly converted to the N-oxide (NMP-N-oxide). Urinary recovery of unchanged cefepime accounts for approximately 85% of the administered dose. Less than 1% of the administered dose is recovered from urine as NMP, 6.8% as NMP-N-oxide, and 2.5% as an epimer of cefepime. Because renal excretion is a significant pathway of elimination, patients with renal dysfunction and patients undergoing hemodialysis require dosage adjustment [see Dosage and Administration (2)].
Specific Populations
Patients with Renal Impairment
Cefepime pharmacokinetics have been investigated in patients with various degrees of renal impairment (n=30). The average half-life in patients requiring hemodialysis was 13.5 (±2.7) hours and in patients requiring continuous peritoneal dialysis was 19 (±2.0) hours. Cefepime total body clearance decreased proportionally with creatinine clearance in patients with abnormal renal function, which serves as the basis for dosage adjustment recommendations in this group of patients [see Dosage and Administration (2)].
Patients with Hepatic Impairment
The pharmacokinetics of cefepime were unaltered in patients with hepatic impairment who received a single 1 g dose (n=11).
Geriatric Patients
Cefepime pharmacokinetics have been investigated in elderly (65 years of age and older) men (n=12) and women (n=12) whose mean (SD) creatinine clearance was 74.0 (±15.0) mL/min. There appeared to be a decrease in cefepime total body clearance as a function of creatinine clearance. Therefore, dosage administration of cefepime in the elderly should be adjusted as appropriate if the patient’s creatinine clearance is 60 mL/min or less [see Dosage and Administration (2)].
Pediatric Patients
Cefepime pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in pediatric patients from 2 months to 11 years of age following single and multiple doses on every 8 hours (n=29) and every 12 hours (n=13) schedules. Following a single intravenous dose, total body clearance and the steady-state volume of distribution averaged 3.3 (±1.0) mL/min/kg and 0.3 (±0.1) L/kg, respectively. The urinary recovery of unchanged cefepime was 60.4 (±30.4)% of the administered dose, and the average renal clearance was 2.0 (±1.1) mL/min/kg. There were no significant effects of age or gender (25 male vs. 17 female) on total body clearance or volume of distribution, corrected for body weight. No accumulation was seen when cefepime was given at 50 mg per kg every 12 hours (n=13), while Cmax, AUC, and t1/2 were increased about 15% at steady state after 50 mg per kg every 8 hours. The exposure to cefepime following a 50 mg per kg intravenous dose in a pediatric patient is comparable to that in an adult treated with a 2 g intravenous dose.
Mechanism of Action
Cefepime is a bactericidal agent that acts by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cefepime has a broad spectrum of in vitro activity that encompasses a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cefepime has a low affinity for chromosomally-encoded beta-lactamases. Cefepime is highly resistant to hydrolysis by most beta-lactamases and exhibits rapid penetration into Gram-negative bacterial cells. Within bacterial cells, the molecular targets of cefepime are the penicillin binding proteins (PBP).
Antimicrobial Activity
Cefepime has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage (1)]:
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for cefepime against isolates of similar genus or organism group. However, the efficacy of cefepime in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
Gram-positive bacteria
NOTE: Most isolates of enterococci, eg, Enterococcus faecalis, and methicillin-resistant staphylococci are resistant to cefepime.
Gram-negative bacteria
NOTE: Cefepime is inactive against many isolates of Stenotrophomonas (formerly Xanthomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas maltophilia).
Susceptibility Test Methods
For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see: http://www.fda.gov/STIC.
No animal carcinogenicity studies have been conducted with cefepime. In chromosomal aberration studies, cefepime was positive for clastogenicity in primary human lymphocytes, but negative in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In other in vitro assays (bacterial and mammalian cell mutation, DNA repair in primary rat hepatocytes, and sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes), cefepime was negative for genotoxic effects. Moreover, in vivo assessments of cefepime in mice (2 chromosomal aberration and 2 micronucleus studies) were negative for clastogenicity. No untoward effects on fertility were observed in rats when cefepime was administered subcutaneously at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day (1.6 times the recommended maximum human dose based on body surface area).
The safety and efficacy of empiric cefepime monotherapy of febrile neutropenic patients have been assessed in two multicenter, randomized trials, comparing cefepime monotherapy (at a dose of 2 g intravenously every 8 hours) to ceftazidime monotherapy (at a dose of 2 g intravenously every 8 hours). These studies comprised 317 evaluable patients. Table 8 describes the characteristics of the evaluable patient population.
Cefepime | Ceftazidime | |
---|---|---|
Total | 164 | 153 |
Median age (yr) |
56 (range, 18-82) |
55 (range, 16-84) |
Male |
86 (52%) |
85 (56%) |
Female |
78 (48%) |
68 (44%) |
Leukemia |
65 (40%) |
52 (34%) |
Other hematologic malignancies |
43 (26%) |
36 (24%) |
Solid tumor |
54 (33%) |
56 (37%) |
Median ANC nadir (cells per microliter) |
20 (range, 0-500) |
20 (range, 0-500) |
Median duration of neutropenia (days) |
6 (range, 0-39) |
6 (range, 0-32) |
Indwelling venous catheter |
97 (59%) |
86 (56%) |
Prophylactic antibiotics |
62 (38%) |
64 (42%) |
Bone marrow graft |
9 (5%) |
7 (5%) |
SBP less than 90 mm Hg at entry |
7 (4%) |
2 (1%) |
ANC = absolute neutrophil count; SBP = systolic blood pressure |
Table 9 describes the clinical response rates observed. For all outcome measures, cefepime was therapeutically equivalent to ceftazidime.
% Response | ||
---|---|---|
Cefepime | Ceftazidime | |
Outcome Measures | (n = 164) | (n = 153) |
Primary episode resolved with no treatment modification, no new febrile episodes or infection, and oral antibiotics allowed for completion of treatment |
51 |
55 |
Primary episode resolved with no treatment modification, no new febrile episodes or infection, and no post-treatment oral antibiotics |
34 |
39 |
Survival, any treatment modification allowed |
93 |
97 |
Primary episode resolved with no treatment modification and oral antibiotics allowed for completion of treatment |
62 |
67 |
Primary episode resolved with no treatment modification and no post-treatment oral antibiotics |
46 |
51 |
Insufficient data exist to support the efficacy of cefepime monotherapy in patients at high risk for severe infection (including patients with a history of recent bone marrow transplantation, with hypotension at presentation, with an underlying hematologic malignancy, or with severe or prolonged neutropenia). No data are available in patients with septic shock.
Patients hospitalized with complicated intra-abdominal infections participated in a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing the combination of cefepime (2 g every 12 hours) plus intravenous metronidazole (500 mg every 6 hours) versus imipenem/cilastatin (500 mg every 6 hours) for a maximum duration of 14 days of therapy. The study was designed to demonstrate equivalence of the two therapies. The primary analyses were conducted on the protocol-valid population, which consisted of those with a surgically confirmed complicated infection, at least one pathogen isolated pretreatment, at least 5 days of treatment, and a 4 to 6 week follow-up assessment for cured patients. Subjects in the imipenem/cilastatin arm had higher APACHE II scores at baseline. The treatment groups were otherwise generally comparable with regard to their pretreatment characteristics. The overall clinical cure rate among the protocol-valid patients was 81% (51 cured/63 evaluable patients) in the cefepime plus metronidazole group and 66% (62/94) in the imipenem/cilastatin group. The observed differences in efficacy may have been due to a greater proportion of patients with high APACHE II scores in the imipenem/cilastatin group.
Cefepime Injection is supplied as a frozen, iso-osmotic, sterile, nonpyrogenic solution in 50 mL and 100 mL single-dose Galaxy Containers as follows:
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1 g* in 50 mL |
Supplied 24/box |
NDC 0338-1301-41 |
2 g* in 100 mL |
Supplied 12/box |
NDC 0338-1301-48 |
Store at or below –20°C (-4°F).
Handle frozen product containers with care. Product containers may be fragile in the frozen state.
Thaw frozen container at room temperature 25°C (77°F) or under refrigeration 5°C (41°F). Do not force thaw by immersion in water baths or by microwave irradiation.
The thawed solution remains stable for 7 days under refrigeration 5°C (41°F) or 24 hours at room temperature 25°C (77°F). Do not refreeze. [See Dosage and Administration (2.4)].
Manufactured by:
Baxter Healthcare Corporation
Deerfield, IL 60015
Baxter and Galaxy are trademarks of Baxter International Inc. or its subsidiaries.
Clinitest is a registered trademark of Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc.
07-19-06-949
Baxter 1 g
Cefepime Injection
GALAXY
Single-Dose
Container
50 mL
Iso-osmotic
NDC 0338-1301-41
Code 2G3578
Each 50 mL contains: Cefepime Hydrochloride, USP equivalent to 1 g of
cefepime with approx. 1.03 g of Dextrose Hydrous, USP added to adjust
osmolality. Approx. 725 mg of L-Arginine, USP added per g of cefepime to
adjust the pH. The pH may have been adjusted with hydrochloric acid and/or
additional L-Arginine, USP. The pH is 4.0 - 6.0.
Dosage: Intravenously as directed by a physician. See insert.
Cautions: Do not add supplementary medication. Must not be used in series
connections. Check for minute leaks and solution clarity.
Store at or below -20°C/-4°F. Thaw at room temperature (25°C/77°F) or under
refrigeration (5°C/41°F). DO NOT FORCE THAW BY IMMERSION IN WATER BATHS OR BY MICROWAVE IRRADIATION. Thawed solution remains stable for
7 days under refrigeration (5°C/41°F) or 24 hours at room temperature (25°C/77°F). Do not
refreeze.
Rx Only
Baxter and GALAXY are registered trademarks of Baxter International Inc.
Baxter Healthcare Corporation
Deerfield, IL 60015 USA
PL 2040 Plastic
Made in USA
07-34-63-744
Thaw at room temperature (25°C/77°F) or under refrigeration (5°C/41°F). DO NOT FORCE THAW BY IMMERSION IN WATER BATHS OR BY MICROWAVE IRRADIATION. Thawed solution remains stable for 7 days under refrigeration (5°C/41°F) or 24 hours at room
temperature (25°C/77°F). Do not refreeze.
Handle frozen product containers with care. Product containers may be fragile in the frozen state.
Baxter and Galaxy are registered trademarks of Baxter International Inc.
Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015 USA
07-04-65-195
Made in USA
PL 2040 Plastic
Baxter Logo
1 g
Cefepime Injection
Rx Only
12 - 50 mL Single-Dose Containers. Iso-osmotic. NDC 0338-1301-41
Store at or below -20°C/-4°F. Do not refreeze. Code 2G3578
*BAR CODE POSITION ONLY
(01) 20303381301419
GALAXY Container
Sterile Nonpyrogenic
Each 50 mL contains: Cefepime Hydrochloride, USP equivalent to 1 g of cefepime with approx. 1.03 g of Dextrose Hydrous, USP added to adjust osmolality. Approx. 725 mg of L-Arginine, USP added per g of cefepime to adjust the pH. The pH may have been adjusted with hydrochloric acid and/or additional L-Arginine, USP. The pH is 4.0 - 6.0.
Dosage: Intravenously as directed by a physician. See insert.
Cautions: Do not add supplementary medication. Must not be used in series connections. Check for minute leaks and solution clarity. Check for minute leaks by squeezing thawed bag firmly. If leaks are found, discard bag as sterility may be impaired. Do not use unless solution is clear.
CEFEPIME
cefepime injection, solution |
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Labeler - Baxter Healthcare Corporation (005083209) |
Establishment | |||
Name | Address | ID/FEI | Business Operations |
---|---|---|---|
Baxter Healthcare Corporation | 194684502 | MANUFACTURE(0338-1301) , LABEL(0338-1301) , PACK(0338-1301) , STERILIZE(0338-1301) , ANALYSIS(0338-1301) |