DESCRIPTION
Disopyramide phosphate is an antiarrhythmic drug available for oral administration in extended-release capsules equivalent to 150 mg of disopyramide present as the phosphate. The base content of the phosphate salt is 77.66%. The structural formula of disopyramide phosphate is:
C21H29N3O.H3PO4 M.W.437.48
(±)-α-[2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl]-α-phenyl-2-pyridineacetamide phosphate (1:1)
Disopyramide phosphate is freely soluble in water, and the free base (pKa 10.4) has an aqueous solubility of 1 mg/mL. The chloroform water partition coefficient of the base is 3.1 at pH 7.2.
Disopyramide phosphate is a racemic mixture of d-and l-isomers. This drug is not chemically related to other antiarrhythmic drugs.
Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP are designed to afford a gradual and consistent release of disopyramide. Thus, for maintenance therapy, Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP provide the benefit of less frequent dosing (every 12 hours) as compared with the every-6-hour dosage schedule of immediate-release capsules.
Inactive ingredients: aluminum hydrate, black iron oxide, calcium stearate, D&C Red No. 28, D&C Yellow No. 10, dibutyl sebacate, ethylcellulose, FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No. 40, gelatin, lecithin, pharmaceutical glaze, povidone, simethicone, starch, sucrose, talc and titanium dioxide.
This product meets USP Drug Release Test 2.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Mechanisms of Actions
Disopyramide phosphate is a Type 1 antiarrhythmic drug (i.e., similar to procainamide and quinidine). In animal studies, disopyramide decreases the rate of diastolic depolarization (phase 4) in cells with augmented automaticity, decreases the upstroke velocity (phase 0) and increases the action potential duration of normal cardiac cells, decreases the disparity in refractoriness between infarcted and adjacent normally perfused myocardium and has no effect on alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors.
Electrophysiology
In man, disopyramide at therapeutic plasma levels shortens the sinus node recovery time, lengthens the effective refractory period of the atrium, and has a minimal effect on the effective refractory period of the AV node. Little effect has been shown on AV-nodal and His-Purkinje conduction times or QRS duration. However, prolongation of conduction in accessory pathways occurs.
Hemodynamics
At recommended oral doses, disopyramide phosphate rarely produces significant alterations of blood pressure in patients without congestive heart failure (see WARNINGS). With intravenous disopyramide phosphate, either increases in systolic/diastolic or decreases in systolic blood pressure have been reported, depending on the infusion rate and the patient population. Intravenous disopyramide phosphate may cause cardiac depression with an approximate mean 10% reduction of cardiac output, which is more pronounced in patients with cardiac dysfunction.
Anticholinergic Activity
The in vitro anticholinergic activity of disopyramide phosphate is approximately 0.06% that of atropine, however, the usual dose for disopyramide phosphate is 150 mg every 6 hours and for disopyramide phosphate extended-release 300 mg every 12 hours compared to 0.4 to 0.6 mg for atropine (see WARNINGS and ADVERSEREACTIONS for anticholinergic side effects).
Pharmacokinetics
The usual therapeutic plasma levels of disopyramide base are 2 to 4 mcg/mL and at these concentrations protein binding varies from 50 to 65%. Because of concentration-dependent protein binding, it is difficult to predict the concentration of the free drug when total drug is measured.
The mean plasma half-life of disopyramide in healthy humans is 6.7 hours (range of 4 to 10 hours). In six patients with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance less than 40 mL/min), disopyramide half-life values were 8 to 18 hours.
After the oral administration of immediate release disopyramide to 10 cardiac patients with borderline to moderate heart failure, the time to peak serum concentration was increased and the mean peak serum concentration was higher than in healthy volunteers. After intravenous administration in these same patients, the mean elimination half-life was 9.7 ± 4.2 hours, (range in healthy volunteers of 4.4 to 7.8 hours). In a second study of the oral administration of disopyramide to 7 patients with heart disease, including left ventricular dysfunction, the mean plasma half-life was slightly prolonged to 7.8 ± 1.9 hours (range of 5 to 9.5 hours).
In healthy men, about 50% of a given dose of disopyramide is excreted in the urine as the unchanged drug, about 20% as the mono-N-dealkylated metabolite and 10% as the other metabolites. The plasma concentration of the major metabolite is approximately one tenth that of disopyramide. Altering the urinary pH in man does not affect the plasma half-life of disopyramide.
In a single-dose crossover study in 12 healthy subjects, the mean peak serum concentration of disopyramide following a single 150 mg oral dose of KV’s Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP was 2.39 (±0.89) mcg/mL, achieved at 5.58 (±1.44) hours. Following multiple doses (300 mg every 12 hours) of KV’s Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release capsules, USP steady-state plasma levels of between 2 and 4 mcg/mL were attained. Total bioavailability was shown to be similar to an immediate-release product.
Drug Interactions
Effects of other drugs on disopyramide pharmacokinetics:
In vitro metabolic studies indicated that disopyramide is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 and that inhibitors of this enzyme may result in elevation of plasma levels of disopyramide. Although specific drug interaction studies have not been done, cases of life-threatening interactions have been reported for disopyramide when given with clarithromycin and erythromycin.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP are indicated for the treatment of documented ventricular arrhythmias such as sustained ventricular tachycardia, that in the judgement of the physician, are life-threatening. Because of the proarrhythmic effects of disopyramide, its use with lesser arrhythmias is generally not recommended. Treatment of patients with asymptomatic ventricular premature contractions should be avoided.
Initiation of disopyramide treatment, as with other antiarrhythmic agents used to treat life-threatening arrhythmias, should be carried out in the hospital. The extended-release capsules should not be used initially if rapid establishment of disopyramide plasma levels is desired.
Antiarrhythmic drugs have not been shown to enhance survival in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Disopyramide phosphate is contraindicated in the presence of cardiogenic shock, pre-existing second- or third-degree AV block (if no pacemaker is present), congenital Q-T prolongation, or known hypersensitivity to the drug.
WARNINGS
Mortality
In the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST), a long term, multi-center, randomized, double-blind study in patients with asymptomatic non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias who had had a myocardial infarction more than 6 days but less than 2 years previously, an excessive mortality or non-fatal cardiac arrest rate (7.7%) was seen in patients treated with encainide or flecainide compared with that seen in patients assigned to carefully matched placebo-treated groups (3%). The average duration of treatment with encainide or flecainide in this study was 10 months.
The applicability of the CAST results to other populations (e.g., those without recent myocardial infarction) is uncertain. Considering the known proarrhythmic properties of disopyramide phosphate and the lack of evidence of improved survival for any antiarrhythmic drug in patients without life-threatening arrhythmias, the use of disopyramide phosphate as well as other antiarrhythmic agents should be reserved for patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
Negative Inotropic Properties:
Heart Failure/Hypotension
Disopyramide phosphate may cause or worsen congestive heart failure or produce severe hypotension as a consequence of its negative inotropic properties. Hypotension has been observed primarily in patients with primary cardiomyopathy or inadequately compensated congestive heart failure. Disopyramide phosphate should not be used in patients with uncompensated or marginally compensated congestive heart failure or hypotension unless the congestive heart failure or hypotension is secondary to cardiac arrhythmia. Patients with a history of heart failure may be treated with disopyramide phosphate but careful attention must be given to the maintenance of cardiac function, including optimal digitalization. If hypotension occurs or heart failure worsens, disopyramide phosphate should be discontinued and, if necessary, restarted at a lower dosage only after adequate cardiac compensation has been established.
QRS Widening
Although it is unusual, significant widening (greater than 25%) of the QRS complex may occur during disopyramide phosphate administration; in such cases disopyramide phosphate should be discontinued.
Q-T Prolongation
As with other Type 1 antiarrhythmic drugs, prolongation of the Q-T interval (corrected) and worsening of the arrhythmia, including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, may occur. Patients who have evidenced prolongation of the Q-T interval in response to quinidine may be at particular risk. As with other Type 1A antiarrhythmics, disopyramide phosphate has been associated with torsade de pointes.
If a Q-T prolongation of greater than 25% is observed and if ectopy continues, the patient should be monitored closely, and consideration be given to discontinuing disopyramide phosphate.
Hypoglycemia:
In rare instances significant lowering of blood glucose values has been reported during disopyramide phosphate administration. The physician should be alert to this possibility, especially in patients with congestive heart failure, chronic malnutrition, hepatic, renal or other diseases or drugs (e.g., beta adrenoceptor blockers, alcohol) which could compromise preservation of the normal glucoregulatory mechanisms in the absence of food. In these patients the blood glucose levels should be carefully followed.
Concomitant Antiarrhythmic Therapy:
The concomitant use of disopyramide phosphate with other Type 1A antiarrhythmic agents (such as quinidine or procainamide) Type 1C antiarrhythmics (such as encainide, flecainide or propafenone), and/or propranolol should be reserved for patients with life-threatening arrhythmias who are demonstrably unresponsive to single-agent antiarrhythmic therapy. Such use may produce serious negative inotropic effects, or may excessively prolong conduction. This should be considered particularly in patients with any degree of cardiac decompensation or those with a prior history thereof. Patients receiving more than one antiarrhythmic drug must be carefully monitored.
Heart Block:
If first-degree heart block develops in a patient receiving disopyramide phosphate the dosage should be reduced. If the block persists despite reduction of dosage, continuation of the drug must depend upon weighing the benefit being obtained against the risk of higher degrees of heart block. Development of second- or third-degree AV block or unifascicular, bifascicular or trifascicular block requires discontinuation of disopyramide phosphate therapy, unless the ventricular rate is adequately controlled by a temporary or implanted ventricular pacemaker.
Anticholinergic Activity:
Because of its anticholinergic activity, disopyramide phosphate should not be used in patients with glaucoma, myasthenia gravis or urinary retention unless adequate overriding measures are taken; these consist of the topical application of potent miotics (e.g., pilocarpine) for patients with glaucoma, and catheter drainage or operative relief for patients with urinary retention. Urinary retention may occur in patients of either sex as a consequence of disopyramide phosphate administration, but males with benign prostatic hypertrophy are at particular risk. In patients with a family history of glaucoma, intraocular pressure should be measured before initiating disopyramide phosphate therapy. Disopyramide phosphate should be used with special care in patients with myasthenia gravis since its anticholinergic properties could precipitate a myasthenic crisis in such patients.
PRECAUTIONS
General
Atrial Tachyarrhythmias
Patients with atrial flutter or fibrillation should be digitalized prior to disopyramide phosphate administration to ensure that drug-induced enhancement of AV conduction does not result in an increase of ventricular rate beyond physiologically acceptable limits.
Conduction Abnormalities
Care should be taken when prescribing disopyramide phosphate for patients with sick sinus syndrome (bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome), Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), or bundle branch block. The effect of disopyramide phosphate in these conditions is uncertain at present.
Cardiomyopathy
Patients with myocarditis or other cardiomyopathy may develop significant hypotension in response to the usual dosage of disopyramide phosphate, probably due to cardiodepressant mechanisms. Therefore, a loading dose of disopyramide phosphate should not be given to such patients and initial dosage and subsequent dosage adjustments should be made under close supervision (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Renal Impairment
More than 50% of disopyramide is excreted in the urine unchanged. Therefore, disopyramide phosphate dosage should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). The electrocardiogram should be carefully monitored for prolongation of PR interval, evidence of QRS widening or other signs of overdosage (see OVERDOSAGE). The extended-release product is not recommended for patients with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 40 mL/min or less).
Hepatic Impairment
Hepatic impairment also causes an increase in the plasma half-life of disopyramide. Dosage should be reduced for patients with such impairment. The electrocardiogram should be carefully monitored for signs of overdosage (see OVERDOSAGE). Patients with cardiac dysfunction have a higher potential for hepatic impairment; this should be considered when administering disopyramide phosphate.
Drug Interactions
If phenytoin or other hepatic enzyme inducers are taken concurrently with disopyramide phosphate, lower plasma levels of disopyramide may occur. Monitoring of disopyramide plasma levels is recommended in such concurrent use to avoid ineffective therapy. Other antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, propranolol) have occasionally been used concurrently with disopyramide phosphate. Excessive widening of the QRS complex and/or prolongation of the Q-T interval may occur in these situations (see WARNINGS). In healthy subjects, no significant drug-drug interaction was observed when disopyramide phosphate was coadministered with either propranolol or diazepam. Concomitant administration of disopyramide phosphate and quinidine resulted in slight increases in plasma disopyramide levels and slight decreases in plasma quinidine levels. Disopyramide phosphate does not increase serum digoxin levels.
Until data on possible interactions between verapamil and disopyramide phosphate are obtained, disopyramide should not be administered within 48 hours before or 24 hours after verapamil administration.
Although potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (eg, ketaconazole) have not been studied clinically, in vitro studies have shown that erythromycin and oleandomycin inhibit the metabolism of disopyramide. Cases of life-threatening interactions have been reported for disopyramide when given with clarithromycin and erythromycin indicating that coadministration of disopyramide with inhibitors of cytochrome 3A4 could result in potentially fatal interaction.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Eighteen months of disopyramide phosphate administration to rats, at oral doses of up to 400 mg/kg/day (about 30 times the usual daily human dose of 600 mg/day, assuming a patient weight of at least 50 kg), revealed no evidence of carcinogenic potential. An evaluation of mutagenic potential by Ames test was negative. Disopyramide, as the phosphate, at doses up to 250 mg/kg/day, did not adversely affect fertility of rats.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category C. Disopyramide phosphate was associated with decreased numbers of implantation sites and decreased growth and survival of pups when administered to pregnant rats at 250 mg/kg/day (20 or more times the usual daily human dose of 12 mg/kg, assuming a patient weight of at least 50 kg), a level at which weight gain and food consumption of dams were also reduced. Increased resorption rates were reported in rabbits at 60 mg/kg/day (5 or more times the usual daily human dose). Effects on implantation, pup growth, and survival were not evaluated in rabbits. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Labor and Delivery
It is not known whether the use of disopyramide phosphate during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus or whether it prolongs the duration of labor or increases the need for forceps delivery or other obstetric intervention.
Nursing Mothers
Studies in rats have shown that the concentration of disopyramide and its metabolites is between one and three times greater in milk than it is in plasma. Following oral administration, disopyramide has been detected in human milk at a concentration not exceeding that in plasma. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from disopyramide phosphate, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established (see Dosage and Administration).
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of disopyramide phosphate immediate-release capsules and disopyramide phosphate extended-release capsules did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Because of its anticholinergic activity, disopyramide phosphate should not be used in patients with glaucoma, urinary retention, or benign prostatic hypertrophy (medical conditions commonly associated with the elderly) unless adequate overriding measures are taken (see WARNINGS: Anticholingeric Activity). In the event of increased anticholingeric side effects, plasma levels of disopyramide should be monitored and the dose of the drug adjusted accordingly. A reduction of the dose by one third, from the recommended 600 mg/day to 400 mg/day, would be reasonable, without changing the dosing interval.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function (see PRECAUTIONS: Renal Impairment and DOSAGE ANDADMINISTRATION).
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The adverse reactions which were reported in disopyramide phosphate clinical trials encompass observations in 1,500 patients, including 90 patients studied for at least 4 years. The most serious adverse reactions are hypotension and congestive heart failure. The most common adverse reactions which are dose dependent are associated with the anticholinergic properties of the drug. These may be transitory but may be persistent or can be severe. Urinary retention is the most serious anticholinergic effect.
The following reactions were reported in 10% to 40% of patients:
- Anticholinergic: dry mouth (32%), urinary hesitancy (14%), constipation (11%).
The following reactions were reported in 3% to 9% of patients:
- Anticholinergic: blurred vision, dry nose/eyes/throat.
- Genitourinary: urinary retention, urinary frequency and urgency.
- Gastrointestinal: nausea, pain/bloating/gas.
- General: dizziness, general fatigue/muscle weakness, headache, malaise, aches/pains.
The following reactions were reported in 1% to 3% of patients:
- Genitourinary: impotence.
- Cardiovascular: hypotension with or without congestive heart failure, increased congestive heart failure (see WARNINGS), cardiac conduction disturbances (see WARNINGS), edema/weight gain, shortness of breath, syncope, chest pain.
- Gastrointestinal: anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting.
- Dermatologic: generalized rash/dermatoses, itching.
- Central nervous system: nervousness.
- Other: hypokalemia, elevated cholesterol/triglycerides.
The following reactions were reported in less than 1%:
- Depression, insomnia, dysuria, numbness/tingling, elevated liver enzymes, AV block, elevated BUN, elevated creatinine, decreased hemoglobin/hematocrit.
Hypoglycemia has been reported in association with disopyramide administration (see WARNINGS).
Infrequent occurrences of reversible cholestatic jaundice, fever, and respiratory difficulty have been reported in association with disopyramide administration as have rare instances of thrombocytopenia, reversible agranulocytosis and gynecomastia. Some cases of LE (lupus erythematosus) symptoms have been reported; most cases occurred in patients who had been switched to disopyramide from procainamide following the development of LE symptoms. Rarely, acute psychosis has been reported following disopyramide therapy, with prompt return to normal mental status when therapy was stopped. The physician should be aware of these possible reactions and should discontinue disopyramide phosphate therapy promptly if they occur.
OVERDOSAGE
Symptoms
Deliberate or accidental overdose of oral disopyramide may be followed by apnea, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrhythmias and loss of spontaneous respiration. Death has occurred following overdose.
Toxic plasma levels of disopyramide produce excessive widening of the QRS complex and Q-T interval, worsening of congestive heart failure, hypotension, varying kinds and degrees of conduction disturbance, bradycardia, and finally asystole. Obvious anticholinergic effects are also observed.
The approximate oral LD50 of disopyramide phosphate is 580 and 700 mg/kg for rats and mice, respectively.
Treatment
Experience indicates that prompt and vigorous treatment of overdosage is necessary, even in the absence of symptoms. Such treatment may be lifesaving. No specific antidote for disopyramide phosphate has been identified. Treatment should be symptomatic and may include induction of emesis or gastric lavage, administration of a cathartic followed by activated charcoal by mouth or stomach tube, intravenous administration of isoproterenol and dopamine, insertion of an intra-aortic balloon for counterpulsation, and mechanically assisted ventilation. Hemodialysis or, preferably, hemoperfusion with charcoal may be employed to lower serum concentration of the drug.
The electrocardiogram should be monitored, and supportive therapy with cardiac glycosides and diuretics should be given as required.
If progressive AV block should develop, endocardial pacing should be implemented. In case of any impaired renal function, measures to increase the glomerular filtration rate may reduce the toxicity (disopyramide is excreted primarily by the kidney).
The anticholinergic effects can be reversed with neostigmine at the discretion of the physician.
Altering the urinary pH in humans does not affect the plasma half-life or the amount of disopyramide excreted in the urine.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
The dosage of disopyramide (as the phosphate) must be individualized for each patient on the basis of response and tolerance. The usual adult dosage of disopyramide is 400 to 800 mg (calculated as the disopyramide base) per day given in divided doses. The recommended dosage for most adults is 600 mg/day given in divided doses (300 mg every 12 hours for the extended-release product). For patients whose body weight is less than 110 pounds (50 kg), the recommended dosage is 400 mg/day given in divided doses (200 mg every 12 hours for the extended-release product). In the event of increased anticholingeric side effects, plasma levels of disopyramide should be monitored and the dose of the drug adjusted accordingly. A reduction of the dose by one third, from the recommended 600 mg/day to 400 mg/day, would be reasonable, without changing the dosing interval.
For patients with cardiomyopathy or possible cardiac decompensation, a loading dose should not be given, and initial dosage should be limited to 100 mg of immediate-release disopyramide phosphate every 6 to 8 hours. Subsequent dosage adjustments should be made gradually, with close monitoring for the possible development of hypotension and/or congestive heart failure (see WARNINGS).
For patients with moderate renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance greater than 40 mL/min) or hepatic insufficiency, the recommended dosage is 400 mg/day given in divided doses (200 mg every 12 hours for the extended-release product).
Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP are not recommended for patients with severe renal insufficiency.
Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP should not be used initially if rapid establishment of disopyramide plasma levels is desired.
Transferring to Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP
The following dosage schedule based on theoretical considerations rather than experimental data is suggested for transferring patients with normal renal function from either quinidine sulfate or procainamide therapy (Type 1 antiarrhythmic agents) to Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP therapy.
Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP should be started using the regular maintenance schedule without a loading dose 6 to 12 hours after the last dose of quinidine sulfate or 3 to 6 hours after the test dose of procainamide.
In patients in whom withdrawal of quinidine sulfate or procainamide is likely to produce life-threatening arrhythmias, the physician should consider hospitalization of the patient. When transferring a patient from immediate-release disopyramide to extended-release disopyramide, the maintenance schedule of Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP may be started 6 hours after the last dose of immediate-release disopyramide phosphate capsules.
HOW SUPPLIED
Disopyramide Phosphate Extended-release Capsules, USP 150 mg are purple and orange hard gelatin capsules imprinted “ETHEX” and “002” in black ink containing 150 mg of disopyramide (as the phosphate) in extended-release beads.
NDC Number Size
58177-002-04 Bottle of 100
Recommended Storage: Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°- 86°F). [see USP Controlled Room Temperature.]
Manufactured by
KV Pharmaceutical Co. for
ETHEX Corporation
St. Louis, MO 63043-2413