1.1 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Sunitinib malate capsules are indicated for the treatment of adult patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate.

1.2 Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

Sunitinib malate capsules are indicated for the treatment of adult patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

1.3 Adjuvant Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Sunitinib malate capsules are indicated for the adjuvant treatment of adult patients at high risk of recurrent RCC following nephrectomy.

1.4 Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Sunitinib malate capsules are indicated for the treatment of progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) in adult patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease.

2.1 Recommended Dosage for GIST and Advanced RCC

The recommended dosage of sunitinib malate capsules for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is 50 mg taken orally once daily, on a schedule of 4 weeks on treatment followed by 2 weeks off (Schedule 4/2) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Sunitinib malate capsules may be taken with or without food.

2.2 Recommended Dosage for Adjuvant Treatment of RCC

The recommended dosage of sunitinib malate capsules for the adjuvant treatment of RCC is 50 mg taken orally once daily, on a schedule of 4 weeks on treatment followed by 2 weeks off (Schedule 4/2), for nine 6-week cycles. Sunitinib malate capsules may be taken with or without food.

2.3 Recommended Dosage for pNET

The recommended dosage of sunitinib malate capsules for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) is 37.5 mg taken orally once daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Sunitinib malate capsules may be taken with or without food.

2.4 Dosage Modifications for Adverse Reactions

To manage adverse reactions, the recommended dosage modifications are provided in Table 1. Table 2 provides the recommended dosage reductions of sunitinib malate capsules for adverse reactions.

Table 1. Recommended Dosage Reductions of Sunitinib Malate Capsules for Adverse Reactions

Table 2. Recommended Dosage Modifications for Sunitinib Malate Capsules for Adverse Reactions

2.5 Dosage Modification for Drug Interactions

Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors

Select an alternate concomitant medication with no or minimal enzyme inhibition potential. If coadministration of sunitinib malate capsules with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor cannot be avoided, consider a dose reduction for sunitinib malate capsules to a minimum dosage as follows [see Drug Interactions (7.1)]:

•

GIST and RCC: 37.5 mg orally once daily, on a schedule of 4 weeks on treatment followed by 2 weeks off (Schedule 4/2)

•

pNET: 25 mg orally once daily

Strong CYP3A4 Inducers

Select an alternate concomitant medication with no or minimal enzyme induction potential. If coadministration of sunitinib malate capsules with a strong CYP3A4 inducer cannot be avoided, consider a dose increase for sunitinib malate capsules to a maximum dosage as follows:

•

GIST and RCC: 87.5 mg orally once daily, on a schedule of 4 weeks on treatment followed by 2 weeks off (Schedule 4/2)

•

pNET: 62.5 mg orally once daily

If the dose of sunitinib malate capsules is increased, monitor patients carefully for adverse reactions [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

2.6 Dosage Modification for End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis

No starting dose adjustment is required in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. However, given the decreased exposure compared to patients with normal renal function, subsequent doses may be increased gradually up to 2-fold based on safety and tolerability [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

5.1 Hepatotoxicity

Sunitinib can cause severe hepatotoxicity, resulting in liver failure or death. In the pooled safety population, liver failure occurred in < 1% of patients in clinical trials. Liver failure include jaundiced, elevated transaminases and/or hyperbilirubinemia in conjunction with encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and/or renal failure.

Monitor liver function tests (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and bilirubin) at baseline, during each cycle, and as clinically indicated. Interrupt sunitinib for Grade 3 hepatotoxicity until resolution to Grade ≤ 1 or baseline, then resume sunitinib at a reduced dose.

Discontinue sunitinib in patients with Grade 4 hepatotoxicity, in patients without resolution of Grade 3 hepatotoxicity, in patients who subsequently experience severe changes in liver function tests and in patients who have other signs and symptoms of liver failure. Safety in patients with ALT or AST > 2.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) or with > 5.0 times ULN and liver metastases has not been established.

5.2 Cardiovascular Events

Cardiovascular events, including heart failure, cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia, and myocardial infarction, some of which were fatal, have been reported.

In pooled safety population, 3% of patients experienced heart failure; 71% of the patients with heart failure were reported as recovered. Fatal cardiac failure was reported in < 1% of patients.

In the adjuvant treatment of RCC study, 11 patients experienced Grade 2 decreased ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 40% to 50% and a 10% to 19% decrease from baseline). In 3 of these 11 patients, the ejection fractions arm did not return to ≥ 50% or baseline by the time of last measurement. No patients who received sunitinib were diagnosed with CHF.

Patients who presented with cardiac events within 12 months prior to sunitinib administration, such as myocardial infarction (including severe/unstable angina), coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, symptomatic CHF, cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack, or pulmonary embolism were excluded from sunitinib clinical studies. Patients with prior anthracycline use or cardiac radiation were also excluded from some studies. It is unknown whether patients with these concomitant conditions may be at a higher risk of developing left ventricular dysfunction.

Consider monitoring LVEF at baseline and periodically as clinically indicated. Carefully monitor patients for clinical signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF). Discontinue sunitinib in patients who experience clinical manifestations of CHF. Interrupt sunitinib and/or reduce the dose in patients without clinical evidence of CHF who have an ejection fraction of greater than 20% but less than 50% below baseline or below the lower limit of normal if baseline ejection fraction was not obtained.

5.3 QT Interval Prolongation and Torsade de Pointes

Sunitinib can cause QT interval prolongation in a dose-dependent manner, which may lead to an increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias including Torsade de Pointes. Torsade de Pointes was observed in < 0.1% of patients.

Monitor patients who are at higher risk of developing QT interval prolongation, including patients with a history of QT interval prolongation, patients who are taking antiarrhythmics, or patients with relevant pre-existing cardiac disease, bradycardia, or electrolyte disturbances. Consider periodic monitoring of electrocardiograms and electrolytes (i.e., magnesium, potassium) during treatment with sunitinib.

Monitor QT interval more frequently when sunitinib is concomitantly administered with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or drugs known to prolong QT interval. Consider dose reducing sunitinib [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Drug Interactions (7.2)].

5.4 Hypertension

In the pooled safety population, 29% of patients experienced hypertension. Grade 3 hypertension was reported in 7% of patients, and Grade 4 hypertension was reported in 0.2%.

Monitor blood pressure at baseline and as clinically indicated. Initiate and/or adjust antihypertensive therapy as appropriate. In cases of Grade 3 hypertension, withhold sunitinib until resolution to Grade ≤ 1 or baseline, then resume sunitinib at a reduced dose. Discontinue sunitinib in patients with who develop Grade 4 hypertension.

5.5 Hemorrhagic Events and Viscus Perforation

Hemorrhagic events, some of which were fatal, have involved the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, tumor, urinary tract, and brain. In the pooled safety population, 30% of patients experienced hemorrhagic events, including Grade 3 or 4 in 4.2% of patients. Epistaxis was the most common hemorrhagic event and gastrointestinal hemorrhage was the most common Grade 3-5 event.

Tumor-related hemorrhage was observed in patients treated with sunitinib. These events may occur suddenly, and in the case of pulmonary tumors, may present as severe and life-threatening hemoptysis or pulmonary hemorrhage. Pulmonary hemorrhage, some with a fatal outcome, was observed in patients treated with sunitinib for metastatic RCC, GIST, and metastatic lung cancer. Sunitinib is not approved for use in patients with lung cancer.

Serious, sometimes fatal, gastrointestinal complications including gastrointestinal perforation, have been reported in patients with intra-abdominal malignancies treated with sunitinib.

Include serial complete blood counts (CBCs) and physical examinations with the clinical assessment of hemorrhagic events. Interrupt sunitinib for Grade 3 or 4 hemorrhagic events until resolution to Grade ≤ 1 or baseline, then resume sunitinib at a reduced dose.

Discontinue sunitinib in patients without resolution of Grade 3 or 4 hemorrhagic events.

5.6 Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS), some fatal, occurred in clinical trials and has been reported in postmarketing experience, primarily in patients with RCC or GIST. Patients generally at risk of TLS are those with high tumor burden prior to treatment. Monitor these patients for TLS and manage as appropriate.

5.7 Thrombotic Microangiopathy

Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA), including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome, sometimes leading to renal failure or a fatal outcome, occurred in clinical trials and in postmarketing experience of sunitinib as monotherapy and administered in combination with bevacizumab. Sunitinib is not approved for use in combination with bevacizumab.

Discontinue sunitinib in patients developing TMA. Reversal of the effects of TMA has been observed after sunitinib was discontinued.

5.8 Proteinuria

Proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome have been reported. Some of these cases have resulted in renal failure and fatal outcomes.

Monitor patients for the development or worsening of proteinuria. Perform baseline and periodic urinalyses during treatment, with follow up measurement of 24-hour urine protein as clinically indicated. Interrupt sunitinib and dose reduce for 24-hour urine protein of 3 or more grams. Discontinue sunitinib for patients with nephrotic syndrome or repeat episodes of 24-hour urine protein 3 or more grams despite dose reductions. The safety of continued sunitinib treatment in patients with moderate to severe proteinuria has not been evaluated.

5.9 Dermatologic Toxicities

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions have been reported, including erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), some of which were fatal. Permanently discontinue sunitinib for these severe cutaneous adverse reactions.

Necrotizing fasciitis, including fatal cases, has been reported in patients treated with sunitinib, including of the perineum and secondary to fistula formation. Discontinue sunitinib in patients who develop necrotizing fasciitis.

5.10 Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) has been reported in <1% of patients, some of which were fatal. Patients can present with hypertension, headache, decreased alertness, altered mental functioning, and visual loss, including cortical blindness. Magnetic resonance imaging is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Discontinue sunitinib in patients developing RPLS.

5.11 Thyroid Dysfunction

Hyperthyroidism, some followed by hypothyroidism, have been reported in clinical trials and through postmarketing experience of sunitinib.

Monitor thyroid function at baseline, periodically during treatment and as clinically indicated. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroiditis, during treatment with sunitinib. Initiate and/or adjust therapies for thyroid dysfunction as appropriate.

5.12 Hypoglycemia

Sunitinib can result in symptomatic hypoglycemia, which may lead to loss of consciousness, or require hospitalization. In the pooled safety population, hypoglycemia occurred in 2% of the patients treated with sunitinib. Hypoglycemia has occurred in clinical trials in 2% of the patients treated with sunitinib for advanced RCC (Study 3) and GIST (Study 1) (n = 577) and in approximately 10% of the patients treated with sunitinib for pNET (Study 6) (n = 83). For patients being treated with sunitinib for pNET, pre-existing abnormalities in glucose homeostasis were not present in all patients who experienced hypoglycemia. Reductions in blood glucose levels may be worse in patients with diabetes.

Check blood glucose levels at baseline, regularly during treatment, as clinically indicated and after discontinuation of sunitinib. In patients with diabetes, assess if antidiabetic therapies need to be adjusted to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia.

5.13 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw

Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) occurred in patients treated with sunitinib. Concomitant exposure to other risk factors, such as bisphosphonates or dental disease/invasive dental procedures, may increase the risk of ONJ. Perform an oral examination prior to initiation of sunitinib and periodically during sunitinib therapy. Advise patients regarding good oral hygiene practices. Withhold sunitinib treatment for at least 3 weeks prior to scheduled dental surgery or invasive dental procedures, if possible. Withhold sunitinib for development of ONJ until complete resolution. The safety of resumption of sunitinib after resolution of osteonecrosis of the jaw has not been established.

5.14 Impaired Wound Healing

Impaired wound healing has been reported in patients who received sunitinib [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

Withhold sunitinib for at least 3 weeks prior to elective surgery. Do not administer for at least 2 weeks following major surgery and until adequate wound healing. The safety of resumption of sunitinib after resolution of wound healing complications has not been established.

5.15 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

Based on findings from animal studies and its mechanism of action, sunitinib can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant woman. Administration of sunitinib to pregnant rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis resulted in teratogenicity at approximately 5.5 and 0.3 times the combined systemic exposure [combined area under the curve (AUC) of sunitinib plus its active metabolite] in patients administered the recommended daily dose (RDD) of 50 mg, respectively.

Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with sunitinib and for 4 weeks following the final dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The pooled safety population described in the Warnings and Precautions reflect exposure to sunitinib in 7527 patients with GIST, RCC (advanced and adjuvant), or pNET. In this pooled safety population, the most common adverse reactions (≥ 25%) were fatigue/asthenia, diarrhea, mucositis/stomatitis, nausea, decreased appetite/anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, hand-foot syndrome, hypertension, bleeding events, dysgeusia/altered taste, dyspepsia, and thrombocytopenia.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

The safety of sunitinib was evaluated in Study 1, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which previously treated patients with GIST received sunitinib 50 mg daily on Schedule 4/2 (n = 202) or placebo (n = 102). Median duration of blinded study treatment was 2 cycles for patients on sunitinib (mean: 3.0; range: 1 to 9) and 1 cycle (mean; 1.8; range: 1 to 6) for patients on placebo at the time of the interim analysis.

Permanent discontinuation due to an adverse reaction occurred in 7% of patients in the sunitinib arm. Dose reductions occurred in 11% and dose interruptions occurred in 29% of patients who received sunitinib.

Table 3 summarizes the adverse reactions for Study 1.

 

Table 3. Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥ 10% of GIST Patients Who Received Sunitinib in the Double-Blind Treatment Phase and More Commonly Than in Patients Given Placebo* in Study 1

* Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0.

Abbreviations: GIST=gastrointestinal stromal tumor; N=number of patients.

a Includes decreased appetite.

Other clinically relevant adverse reactions included oral pain other than mucositis/stomatitis in 6%; hair color changes in 7%; alopecia in 5% of patients who received sunitinib.

Table 4 summarizes the laboratory abnormalities in Study 1.

* Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0.

Abbreviations: ALT=alanine aminotransferase; AST=aspartate aminotransferase; GIST=gastrointestinal stromal tumor; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; N=number of patients.

a Grade 4 laboratory abnormalities in patients on sunitinib included alkaline phosphatase (1%), lipase (2%), creatinine (1%), potassium decreased (1%), neutrophils (2%), hemoglobin (2%), and platelets (1%).

b Grade 4 laboratory abnormalities in patients on placebo included amylase (1%), lipase (1%), and hemoglobin (2%).

After an interim analysis, the study was unblinded and patients on the placebo arm were given the opportunity to receive open-label sunitinib [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]. For 241 patients randomized to the sunitinib arm, including 139 who received sunitinib in both the double-blind and open-label phases, the median duration of sunitinib treatment was 6 cycles (mean: 8.5; range: 1 to 44). For the 255 patients who ultimately received open-label sunitinib treatment, median duration of study treatment was 6 cycles (mean: 7.8; range: 1 to 37) from the time of the unblinding.

Permanent discontinuation due to an adverse reaction occurred in 20% of patients who received sunitinib. Dosage interruption occurred in 46% and dose reduction occurred in 28% of patients who received sunitinib.

The most common Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions in patients who received sunitinib in the open-label phase were fatigue (10%), hypertension (8%), asthenia (5%), diarrhea (5%), hand-foot syndrome (5%), nausea (4%), abdominal pain (3%), anorexia (3%), mucositis (2%), vomiting (2%), and hypothyroidism (2%).

Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

The safety of sunitinib was evaluated in Study 3, a double-blind, active-controlled trial in which previously untreated patients with locally advanced or metastatic RCC received sunitinib 50 mg daily on Schedule 4/2 (n = 375) or interferon alfa 9 million International Units (MIU) (n = 360). The median duration of treatment was 11.1 months (range: 0.4 to 46.1) for sunitinib treatment and 4.1 months (range: 0.1 to 45.6) for interferon alfa treatment.

Permanent discontinuation due to an adverse reaction occurred in 20% of patients in the sunitinib arm. Dose interruptions occurred in 54% and dose reductions occurred in 52% of patients who received sunitinib.

Table 5 summarizes the adverse reactions for Study 3.

* Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0.

Abbreviations: ARs=adverse reactions; N=number of patients; RCC=renal cell carcinoma.

 

a Grade 4 ARs in patients on sunitinib included back pain (1%), arthralgia (< 1%), dyspnea (< 1%), asthenia (< 1%), fatigue (< 1%), limb pain (< 1%) and rash (< 1%).

b Grade 4 ARs in patients on interferon alfa included dyspnea (1%), fatigue (1%), abdominal pain (< 1%), and depression (< 1%).

c Includes flank pain.

d Includes decreased appetite.

e Includes ageusia, hypogeusia, and dysgeusia.

f Includes 1 patient with Grade 5 gastric hemorrhage.

g Includes depressed mood.

Table 6 summarizes the laboratory abnormalities in Study 3.

* Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0.

Abbreviations: ALT=alanine aminotransferase; AST=aspartate aminotransferase; N=number of patients; RCC=renal cell carcinoma.

a Grade 4 laboratory abnormalities in patients on sunitinib included uric acid (14%), lipase (3%), neutrophils (2%), lymphocytes (2%), hemoglobin (2%), platelets (1%), amylase (1%), ALT (< 1%), creatine kinase (< 1%), creatinine (< 1%), glucose increased (< 1%), calcium decreased (< 1%), phosphorous (< 1%), potassium increased (< 1%), and sodium decreased (< 1%).

b Grade 4 laboratory abnormalities in patients on interferon alfa included uric acid (8%), lymphocytes (2%), lipase (1%), neutrophils (1%), amylase (< 1%), calcium increased (< 1%), glucose decreased (< 1%), potassium increased (< 1%), and hemoglobin (< 1%).

Long-Term Safety in RCC

The long-term safety of sunitinib in patients with metastatic RCC was analyzed across 9 completed clinical studies conducted in the first-line, bevacizumab-refractory, and cytokine-refractory treatment settings. The analysis included 5739 patients, of whom 807 (14%) were treated for at least 2 years and 365 (6%) for at least 3 years. Prolonged treatment with sunitinib did not appear to be associated with new types of adverse reactions. There appeared to be no increase in the yearly incidence of adverse reactions at later time points. Hypothyroidism increased during the second year of treatment with new cases reported up to year 4.

Adjuvant Treatment of RCC

The safety of sunitinib was evaluated in S-TRAC, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which patients who had undergone nephrectomy for RCC received sunitinib 50 mg daily on Schedule 4/2 (n=306) or placebo (n = 304). The median duration of treatment was 12.4 months (range: 0.13 to 14.9) for sunitinib and 12.4 months (range: 0.03 to 13.7) for placebo.

Permanent discontinuation due to an adverse reaction occurred in 28% of patients in the sunitinib arm. Adverse reactions leading to permanent discontinuation in > 2% of patients include hand-foot syndrome and fatigue/asthenia. Dosing interruptions occurred in (54%) and dose reductions occurred in 46% of patients who received sunitinib.

Table 7 summarizes the adverse reactions in S-TRAC.

 

* Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0. Abbreviations: ARs=adverse reactions; N=number of patients; RCC=renal cell carcinoma.

a Includes mucosal inflammation, stomatitis aphthous ulcer, mouth ulceration, tongue ulceration, oropharyngeal pain, and oral pain.

b Includes abdominal pain, abdominal pain lower, and abdominal pain upper.

c Includes edema localized, face edema, eyelid edema, periorbital edema, swelling face, and eye edema.

 

d Includes dermatitis, dermatitis psoriasiform, exfoliative rash, genital rash, rash, rash erythematous, rash follicular, rash generalized, rash macular, rash maculopapular, rash papular, and rash pruritic.

 

e Includes hypertension, blood pressure increased, blood pressure systolic increased, blood pressure diastolic increased, and hypertensive crisis.

f Includes ageusia, hypogeusia, and dysgeusia.

g Includes epistaxis, gingival bleeding, rectal hemorrhage, hemoptysis, anal hemorrhage, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hematuria.

Grade 4 adverse reactions in patients on sunitinib included hand-foot syndrome (1%), fatigue (< 1%), abdominal pain (< 1%), stomatitis (< 1%), and pyrexia (< 1%).

Grade 3 to 4 laboratory abnormalities that occurred in ≥ 2% of patients receiving sunitinib include neutropenia (13%), thrombocytopenia (5%), leukopenia (3%), lymphopenia (3%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (2%), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (2%), hyperglycemia (2%), and hyperkalemia (2%).

Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

The safety of sunitinib was evaluated in Study 6, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which patients with progressive pNET received sunitinib 37.5 mg once daily (n = 83) or placebo (n = 82). The median number of days on treatment was 139 days (range: 13 to 532 days) for patients on sunitinib and 113 days (range: 1 to 614 days) for patients on placebo. Nineteen patients (23%) on sunitinib and 4 patients (5%) on placebo were on study for > 1 year.

Permanent discontinuation due to an adverse reaction occurred in 22% in the sunitinib arm. Dose interruptions occurred in 30% and dose reductions occurred in 31% of patients who received sunitinib.

Table 8 summarizes the adverse reactions in Study 6.

 

* Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0.

 

Abbreviations: N=number of patients; pNET=pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

 

a Grade 4 adverse reactions in patients on sunitinib included fatigue (1%).

 

b Includes aphthous stomatitis, gingival pain, gingivitis, glossitis, glossodynia, mouth ulceration, oral discomfort, oral pain, tongue ulceration, mucosal dryness, mucosal inflammation, and dry mouth.

c Includes abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, and abdominal pain upper.

d Includes hematemesis, hematochezia, hematoma, hemoptysis, hemorrhage, melena, and metrorrhagia.

 

Table 9 summarizes the laboratory abnormalities in Study 6.

* The denominator used to calculate the rate varied from 52 to 82 for sunitinib and 39 to 80 for Placebo based on the number of patients with a baseline value and at least one post-treatment value. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0.

Abbreviations: ALT=alanine aminotransferase; AST=aspartate aminotransferase; N=number of patients; pNET=pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

 

a Grade 4 laboratory abnormalities in patients on sunitinib included creatinine (4%), lipase (4%), glucose decreased (2%), glucose increased (2%), neutrophils (2%), ALT (1%), AST (1%), platelets (1%), potassium increased (1%), and total bilirubin (1%).

 

b Grade 4 laboratory abnormalities in patients on placebo included creatinine (3%), alkaline phosphatase (1%), glucose increased (1%), and lipase (1%).

Venous Thromboembolic Events

In In pooled safety population, 3.5% of patients experienced a venous thromboembolic event, including Grade 3 to 4 in 2.2% of patients.

Pancreatic Function

Pancreatitis was observed in 1 patient (1%) in the pNET study, 5 patients (1%) in the treatment-naïve RCC study, and 1 patient (< 1%) in the adjuvant treatment for RCC study on sunitinib.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of sunitinib. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

•

Blood and lymphatic system disorders: hemorrhage associated with thrombocytopenia*.

•

Gastrointestinal disorders: esophagitis.

•

Hepatobiliary disorders: cholecystitis, particularly acalculous cholecystitis.

•

Immune system disorders: hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema.

•

Infections and infestations: serious infection (with or without neutropenia)*. The infections most commonly observed with sunitinib include respiratory, urinary tract, skin infections, and sepsis/septic shock.

•

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: fistula formation, sometimes associated with tumor necrosis and/or regression*; myopathy and/or rhabdomyolysis with or without acute renal failure*.

•

Renal and urinary disorders: renal impairment and/or failure*.

•

Respiratory disorders: pulmonary embolism*, pleural effusion*.

•

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: pyoderma gangrenosum, including positive de-challenges.

•

Vascular disorders: arterial (including aortic) aneurysms, dissections*, and rupture*; arterial thromboembolic events*. The most frequent events included cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack, and cerebral infarction.

•

General disorders and administration site conditions: impaired wound healing.

 

*including some fatalities

7.1 Effect of Other Drugs on Sunitinib

Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors

Co-administration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase sunitinib plasma concentrations [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Select an alternate concomitant medication with no or minimal enzyme inhibition potential. Consider a dose reduction for sunitinib when it is co-administered with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

Strong CYP3A4 Inducers

Co-administration with strong CYP3A4 inducers may decrease sunitinib plasma concentrations [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Select an alternate concomitant medication with no or minimal enzyme induction potential. Consider a dose increase for sunitinib when it must be co-administered with CYP3A4 inducers [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

7.2 Drugs that Prolong QT Interval

Sunitinib is associated with QTc interval prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3), Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. Monitor the QT interval with ECGs more frequently in patients who require treatment with concomitant medications known to prolong the QT interval.

8.1 Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Based on animal reproduction studies and its mechanism of action, sunitinib can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1)]. There are no available data in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk. In animal developmental and reproductive toxicology studies, oral administration of sunitinib to pregnant rats and rabbits throughout organogenesis resulted in teratogenicity (embryolethality, craniofacial and skeletal malformations) at 5.5 and 0.3 times the combined AUC (the combined systemic exposure of sunitinib plus its active metabolite) in patients administered the recommended daily doses (RDD) of 50 mg, respectively (see Data). Advise females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus.

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations are unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriages in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Data

Animal Data

In a female fertility and early embryonic development study, female rats were administered oral sunitinib (0.5, 1.5, 5 mg/kg/day) for 21 days prior to mating and for 7 days after mating. Embryolethality was observed at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg).

In embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies, oral sunitinib was administered to pregnant rats (0.3, 1.5, 3, 5 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (0.5, 1, 5, 20 mg/kg/day) during the period of organogenesis. In rats, embryolethality and skeletal malformations of the ribs and vertebrae were observed at the dose of 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 5.5 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg). No adverse fetal effects were observed in rats at doses ≤ 3 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg). In rabbits, embryolethality was observed at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg), and craniofacial malformations (cleft lip and cleft palate) were observed at ≥ 1 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.3 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg).

Sunitinib (0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg/day) was evaluated in a pre- and postnatal development study in pregnant rats. Maternal body weight gains were reduced during gestation and lactation at doses ≥ 1 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.5 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg). At 3 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg), reduced neonate body weights were observed at birth and persisted in the offspring of both sexes during the preweaning period and in males during postweaning period. No adverse developmental effects were observed at doses ≤ 1 mg/kg/day.

8.2 Lactation

There is no information regarding the presence of sunitinib and its metabolites in human milk. Sunitinib and its metabolites were excreted in rat milk at concentrations up to 12-fold higher than in plasma (see Data). Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed infants, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with sunitinib and for at least 4 weeks after the last dose.

Data

Animal Data

In lactating female rats administered 15 mg/kg, sunitinib and its metabolites were excreted in milk at concentrations up to 12-fold higher than in plasma.

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Sunitinib can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Pregnancy Testing

Verify pregnancy status of females of reproductive potential prior to initiating treatment with sunitinib.

Contraception

Females

Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with sunitinib and for at least 4 weeks after the last dose.

Males

Based on findings in animal reproduction studies, advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with sunitinib and for 7 weeks after the last dose.

Infertility

Based on findings in animals, sunitinib may impair male and female fertility [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of sunitinib in pediatric patients have not been established. Safety and pharmacokinetics of sunitinib were assessed in an open-label study (NCT00387920) in pediatric patients 2 years to < 17 years of age (n = 29) with refractory solid tumors. In addition, efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of sunitinib was assessed in another open-label study (NCT01462695) in pediatric patients 2 years to < 17 years of age (n = 27) with high-grade glioma or ependymoma. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) normalized for body surface area (BSA) was lower in pediatric patients compared to adults. Sunitinib was poorly tolerated in pediatric patients. The occurrence of dose-limiting cardiotoxicity prompted an amendment of the NCT00387920 study to exclude patients with previous exposure to anthracyclines or cardiac radiation. No responses were reported in patients in either of the trials.

Apparent clearance and volume of distribution normalized for BSA for sunitinib and its active major metabolite were lower in pediatrics as compared to adults.

The effect on open tibial growth plates in pediatric patients who received sunitinib has not been adequately studied. See Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data below.

Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data

Physeal dysplasia was present in cynomolgus monkeys with open growth plates treated with sunitinib for ≥ 3 months (3 month dosing 2, 6, 12 mg/kg/day; 8 cycles of dosing 0.3, 1.5, 6.0 mg/kg/day) at doses that were > 0.4 times the combined AUC (the combined systemic exposure of sunitinib plus its active metabolite) in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg. The no-effect level (NOEL) was 1.5 mg/kg/day in monkeys treated intermittently for 8 cycles, but was not identified in monkeys treated continuously for 3 months. In developing rats treated continuously for 3 months (1.5, 5.0, and 15.0 mg/kg) or 5 cycles (0.3, 1.5, and 6.0 mg/kg/day), bone abnormalities consisted of thickening of the epiphyseal cartilage of the femur and an increase of fracture of the tibia at doses ≥ 5 mg/kg (approximately 10 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg). Additionally, tooth caries were present in rats at > 5 mg/kg. The incidence and severity of physeal dysplasia were dose related and reversible upon cessation of treatment; however, findings in the teeth were not. In rats, the NOEL in bones was ≤ 2 mg/kg/day.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Of the 7527 patients with GIST, RCC (advanced and adjuvant), or pNET who received sunitinib, 32% were 65 years and older, and 7% were 75 years and older. Patients aged 65 years of age and older had a higher incidence of Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions (67%) than younger patients (60%).

In the GIST study, 73 (30%) of the patients who received sunitinib were 65 years and older. In the mRCC study, 152 (41%) of patients who received sunitinib were 65 years and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients.

In the pNET study, 22 (27%) of the patients who received sunitinib were 65 years and older. Clinical studies of sunitinib did not include sufficient numbers of patients with pNET to determine if patients 65 years of age and older respond differently than younger patients.

8.6 Hepatic Impairment

No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate (Child-Pugh Class A or B) hepatic impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Sunitinib was not studied in patients with severe (Child-Pugh Class C) hepatic impairment.

8.7 Renal Impairment

No dose adjustment is recommended in patients with mild (CLcr 50 to 80 mL/min), moderate (CLcr 30 to < 50 mL/min), or severe (CLcr < 30 mL/min) renal impairment who are not on dialysis [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

No dose adjustment is recommended for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Sunitinib is a small molecule that inhibits multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), some of which are implicated in tumor growth, pathologic angiogenesis, and metastatic progression of cancer. Sunitinib was evaluated for its inhibitory activity against a variety of kinases (> 80 kinases) and was identified as an inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRα and PDGFRβ), vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3), stem cell factor receptor (KIT), Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3), colony stimulating factor receptor Type 1 (CSF-1R), and the glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor receptor (RET). Sunitinib inhibition of the activity of these RTKs has been demonstrated in biochemical and cellular assays, and inhibition of function has been demonstrated in cell proliferation assays. The primary metabolite exhibits similar potency compared to sunitinib in biochemical and cellular assays.

Sunitinib inhibited the phosphorylation of multiple RTKs (PDGFRβ, VEGFR2, KIT) in tumor xenografts expressing RTK targets in vivo and demonstrated inhibition of tumor growth or tumor regression and/or inhibited metastases in some experimental models of cancer. Sunitinib demonstrated the ability to inhibit growth of tumor cells expressing dysregulated target RTKs (PDGFR, RET, or KIT) in vitro and to inhibit PDGFRβ-and VEGFR2-dependent tumor angiogenesis in vivo.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Cardiac Electrophysiology

Sunitinib can cause QT interval prolongation in a dose-dependent manner, which may lead to an increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias including Torsade de Pointes [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of sunitinib and sunitinib malate have been evaluated in healthy subjects and in patients with solid tumors.

Sunitinib AUC and Cmax increase proportionately over a dose range of 25 mg to 100 mg (0.5 to 2 times the approved RDD of 50 mg). The pharmacokinetics were similar in healthy subjects and in patients with a solid tumor, including patients with GIST and RCC. No significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib or the primary active metabolite were observed with repeated daily administration or with repeated cycles. With repeated daily administration, sunitinib accumulates 3- to 4-fold while the primary metabolite accumulates 7- to 10-fold. Steady-state concentrations of sunitinib and its primary active metabolite are achieved within 10 to 14 days. By Day 14, combined plasma concentrations of sunitinib and its active metabolite ranged from 63 to 101 ng/mL.

Absorption

Following oral administration of sunitinib, the time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) ranged from 6 to 12 hours.

Effect of Food

The administration of a single dose of sunitinib 50 mg with a high-fat, high-calorie meal (consisting of approximately 150 protein calories and 500 to 600 fat calories) in healthy subjects had no clinically significant effect on sunitinib or active metabolites exposure.

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) for sunitinib is 2230 L. Binding of sunitinib and its primary active metabolite to human plasma protein in vitro is 95% and 90%, respectively, with no concentration dependence in the range of 100 to 4000 ng/mL.

Elimination

Following administration of a single oral dose in healthy subjects, the terminal half-lives of sunitinib and its primary active metabolite are approximately 40 to 60 hours and 80 to 110 hours, respectively. Sunitinib total oral clearance (CL/F) ranged from 34 to 62 L/h with an interpatient variability of 40%.

Metabolism

Sunitinib is metabolized primarily by CYP3A4 to its primary active metabolite, which is further metabolized by CYP3A4. The primary active metabolite comprises 23% to 37% of the total exposure. After a radiolabeled dose, sunitinib and its active metabolite were the major compounds identified in plasma, accounting for 92% of radioactivity.

Excretion

After a radiolabeled dose of sunitinib, approximately 61% of the dose was recovered in feces and 16% in urine.

Sunitinib and its primary active metabolite were the major compounds identified in urine and feces, representing 86% and 74% of radioactivity, respectively.

Specific Populations

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib or the primary active metabolite were observed based on age (18 to 84 years), body weight (34 to 168 kg), race (White, Black, or Asian), sex, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment.

Patients with Renal Impairment

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib or its active metabolite were predicted or observed in patients with mild (CLcr 50 to 80 mL/min), moderate (CLcr 30 to < 50 mL/min), or severe (CLcr < 30 mL/min) renal impairment who are not on dialysis, compared to patients with normal renal function (CLcr > 80 mL/min). Although sunitinib was not eliminated through hemodialysis, the sunitinib systemic exposure was 47% lower in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared to patients with normal renal function.

Drug Interaction Studies

Clinical Studies

Effect of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors on sunitinib: Co-administration of a single sunitinib dose with ketoconazole (strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) increased the combined sunitinib and its active metabolite Cmax and AUC0-inf by 49% and 51%, respectively, in healthy subjects.

Effect of strong CYP3A4 inducers on sunitinib: Co-administration of a single sunitinib dose with rifampin (strong CYP3A4 inducer) reduced the combined sunitinib and its active metabolite Cmax and AUC0-inf by 23% and 46%, respectively in healthy subjects.

In Vitro Studies

In vitro studies in human hepatocytes and microsomes indicated that sunitinib and the primary active metabolite do not induce CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4/5, or inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4/5, and CYP4A9/11 at clinically relevant concentrations.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

The carcinogenic potential of sunitinib has been evaluated in 2 species: rasH2 transgenic mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. There were similar positive findings in both species. In rasH2 transgenic mice, gastroduodenal carcinomas and/or gastric mucosal hyperplasia, as well as an increased incidence of background hemangiosarcomas were observed at sunitinib daily doses of ≥ 25 mg/kg/day in studies of 1 or 6 months duration. No proliferative changes were observed in rasH2 transgenic mice at 8 mg/kg/day. Similarly, in a 2-year rat carcinogenicity study, administration of sunitinib in 28-day cycles followed by 7-day dose-free periods resulted in findings of duodenal carcinoma at doses as low as 1 mg/kg/day [approximately 0.9 times the combined AUC (combined systemic exposure of sunitinib plus its active metabolite) in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg]. At the high dose of 3 mg/kg/day (approximately 8 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg), the incidence of duodenal tumors was increased and was accompanied by findings of gastric mucous cell hyperplasia and by an increased incidence of pheochromocytoma and hyperplasia of the adrenal gland.

Sunitinib did not cause genetic damage when tested in in vitro assays [bacterial mutation (Ames test), human lymphocyte chromosome aberration] and an in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus test.

In a female fertility and early embryonic development study, female rats were administered oral sunitinib (0.5, 1.5, 5 mg/kg/day) for 21 days prior to mating and for 7 days after mating. Preimplantation loss was observed in females administered 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg). No adverse effects on fertility were observed at doses ≤ 1.5 mg/kg/day (approximately equal to the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg). In addition, effects on the female reproductive system were identified in a 3-month oral repeat-dose monkey study (2, 6, 12 mg/kg/day). Ovarian changes (decreased follicular development) were noted at 12 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg), while uterine changes (endometrial atrophy) were noted at ≥ 2 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.4 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg). With the addition of vaginal atrophy, the uterine and ovarian effects were reproduced at 6 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.8 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg) in a 9-month monkey study (0.3, 1.5, and 6 mg/kg/day administered daily for 28 days followed by a 14-day respite).

In a male fertility study, no reproductive effects were observed in male rats dosed with 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg/day oral sunitinib for 58 days prior to mating with untreated females. Fertility, copulation, conception indices, and sperm evaluation (morphology, concentration, and motility) were unaffected by sunitinib at doses ≤ 10 mg/kg/day (approximately ≥ 26 times the combined AUC in patients administered the RDD of 50 mg).

14.1 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Study 1

Study 1 (NCT#00075218) was a 2-arm, international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sunitinib in patients with GIST who had disease progression during prior imatinib mesylate (imatinib) treatment or who were intolerant of imatinib. The objective was to compare time-to-tumor progression (TTP) in patients receiving sunitinib plus best supportive care versus patients receiving placebo plus best supportive care. Other objectives included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and overall survival (OS). Patients were randomized (2:1) to receive either 50 mg sunitinib or placebo orally, once daily, on Schedule 4/2 until disease progression or withdrawal from the study for another reason. Treatment was unblinded at the time of disease progression. Patients randomized to placebo were then offered crossover to open-label sunitinib and patients randomized to sunitinib were permitted to continue treatment per investigator judgment.

At the time of a prespecified interim analysis, the intent-to-treat (ITT) population included 312 patients. Two hundred seven (207) patients were randomized to the sunitinib arm and 105 patients were randomized to the placebo arm. Demographics were comparable between the sunitinib and placebo groups with regard to age (69% versus 72% < 65 years for sunitinib versus placebo, respectively), sex (male: 64% versus 61%), race (White: 88% both arms, Asian: 5% both arms, Black: 4% both arms, remainder not reported), and performance status (ECOG 0: 44% versus 46%, ECOG 1: 55% versus 52%, and ECOG 2: 1% versus 2%). Prior treatment included surgery (94% versus 93%) and radiotherapy (8% versus 15%). Outcome of prior imatinib treatment was also comparable between arms with intolerance (4% versus 4%), progression within 6 months of starting treatment (17% versus 16%), or progression beyond 6 months (78% versus 80%) balanced.

The planned interim efficacy and safety analysis was performed after 149 TTP events had occurred. There was a statistically significant advantage for sunitinib over placebo in TTP, meeting the primary endpoint. Efficacy results are summarized in Table 10 and the Kaplan-Meier curve for TTP is shown in Figure 1.

* A comparison is considered statistically significant if the p-value is < 0.00417 (O’Brien Fleming stopping boundary).

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; GIST=gastrointestinal stromal tumor; HR=hazard ratio; N=number of patients; PR=partial response.

a Time from randomization to progression; deaths prior to documented progression were censored at time of last radiographic evaluation.

b Time from randomization to progression or death due to any cause.

c Pearson chi-square test.

 

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier Curve of TTP in GIST Study 1 (Intent-to-Treat Population)

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; GIST=gastrointestinal stromal tumor; N=number of patients; TTP=time-to-tumor progression.

The final ITT population enrolled in the double-blind treatment phase of the study included 243 patients randomized to the sunitinib arm and 118 patients randomized to the placebo arm. After the primary endpoint was met at the interim analysis, the study was unblinded, and patients on the placebo arm were offered open-label sunitinib treatment. Ninety-nine (99) of the patients initially randomized to placebo crossed over to receive sunitinib in the open-label treatment phase. At the protocol specified final analysis of OS, the median OS was 72.7 weeks for the sunitinib arm and 64.9 weeks for the placebo arm [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.876, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.679, 1.129)].

Study 2

Study 2 was an open-label, multi-center, single-arm, dose-escalation study conducted in patients with GIST following progression on, or intolerance to imatinib. Following identification of the recommended regimen (50 mg once daily on Schedule 4/2), 55 patients in this study received the 50 mg dose of sunitinib on treatment Schedule 4/2. Partial responses (PR) were observed in 5 of 55 patients (9.1% PR rate; 95% CI: 3.0%, 20.0%).

14.2 Renal Cell Carcinoma

Treatment-Naïve

Study 3 (NCT#00083889) was a multi-center, international, randomized study comparing single-agent sunitinib with interferon alfa was conducted in patients with treatment-naïve RCC. The objective was to compare PFS in patients receiving sunitinib versus patients receiving interferon alfa. Other endpoints included ORR, OS, and safety. Seven hundred fifty (750) patients were randomized (1:1) to receive either 50 mg sunitinib once daily on Schedule 4/2 or to receive interferon alfa administered subcutaneously at 9 million international units (MIU) 3 times a week. Patients were treated until disease progression or withdrawal from the study.

The ITT population included 750 patients, 375 randomized to sunitinib and 375 randomized to interferon alfa. Demographics were comparable between the sunitinib and interferon alfa groups with regard to age (59% versus 67% < 65 years for sunitinib versus interferon alfa, respectively), sex (male: 71% versus 72%), race (White: 94% versus 91%, Asian: 2% versus 3%, Black: 1% versus 2%, remainder not reported), and performance status (ECOG 0: 62% versus 61%, ECOG 1: 38% each arm, ECOG 2: 0 versus 1%). Prior treatment included nephrectomy (91% versus 89%) and radiotherapy (14% each arm). The most common site of metastases present at screening was the lung (78% versus 80%, respectively), followed by the lymph nodes (58% versus 53%, respectively) and bone (30% each arm); the majority of the patients had multiple (2 or more) metastatic sites at baseline (80% versus 77%, respectively).

There was a statistically significant advantage for sunitinib over interferon alfa in the endpoint of PFS (see Table 9 and Figure 2). In the prespecified stratification factors of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (> 1.5 ULN versus ≤ 1.5 ULN), ECOG performance status (0 versus 1), and prior nephrectomy (yes versus no), the hazard ratio favored sunitinib over interferon alfa. The ORR was higher in the sunitinib arm (see Table 11).

 

Table 11. Treatment-Naïve RCC Efficacy Results (Interim Analysis) from Study 3

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; HR=hazard ratio; N=number of patients; NA=not applicable; RCC=renal cell carcinoma.

a Assessed by blinded core radiology laboratory; 90 patients’ scans had not been read at time of analysis.

b A comparison is considered statistically significant if the p-value is < 0.0042 (O’Brien Fleming stopping boundary).

 

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier Curve of PFS in Treatment-Naïve RCC Study 3 (Intent-to-Treat Population)

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; INF-α=interferon-alfa; N=number of patients; PFS=progression-free survival; RCC=renal cell carcinoma.

At the protocol-specified final analysis of OS, the median OS was 114.6 weeks for the sunitinib arm and 94.9 weeks for the interferon alfa arm (HR = 0.821; 95% CI: 0.673, 1.001). The median OS for the interferon alfa arm includes 25 patients who discontinued interferon alfa treatment because of disease progression and crossed over to treatment with sunitinib as well as 121 patients (32%) on the interferon alfa arm who received post-study cancer treatment with sunitinib.

Cytokine-Refractory

The use of single-agent sunitinib in the treatment of cytokine-refractory RCC was investigated in 2 single-arm, multi-center studies. All patients enrolled into these studies experienced failure of prior cytokine-based therapy. In Study 4 (NCT#00077974), failure of prior cytokine therapy was based on radiographic evidence of disease progression defined by response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) or World Health Organization (WHO) criteria during or within 9 months of completion of 1 cytokine therapy treatment (interferon alfa, interleukin-2, or interferon alfa plus interleukin-2; patients who were treated with interferon alfa alone must have received treatment for at least 28 days). In Study 5 (NCT#00054886), failure of prior cytokine therapy was defined as disease progression or unacceptable treatment-related toxicity. The endpoint for both studies was ORR. Duration of response (DR) was also evaluated.

One hundred and six patients (106) were enrolled into Study 4 and 63 patients were enrolled into Study 5. Patients received 50 mg sunitinib on Schedule 4/2. Therapy was continued until the patients met withdrawal criteria or had progressive disease. The baseline age, sex, race, and ECOG performance statuses of the patients were comparable between Studies 4 and 5. Approximately 86% to 94% of patients in the 2 studies were White. Men comprised 65% of the pooled population. The median age was 57 years and ranged from 24 to 87 years in the studies. All patients had an ECOG performance status < 2 at the screening visit.

The baseline malignancy and prior treatment history of the patients were comparable between Studies 4 and 5. Across the 2 studies, 95% of the pooled population of patients had at least some component of clear-cell histology. All patients in Study 4 were required to have a histological clear-cell component. Most patients enrolled in the studies (97% of the pooled population) had undergone nephrectomy; prior nephrectomy was required for patients enrolled in Study 4. All patients had received 1 previous cytokine regimen. Metastatic disease present at the time of study entry included lung metastases in 81% of patients. Liver metastases were more common in Study 4 (27% versus 16% in Study 5) and bone metastases were more common in Study 5 (51% versus 25% in Study 4); 52% of patients in the pooled population had at least 3 metastatic sites. Patients with known brain metastases or leptomeningeal disease were excluded from both studies.

The ORR and DR data from Studies 4 and 5 are provided in Table 12. There were 36 PRs in Study 4 as assessed by a core radiology laboratory for an ORR of 34.0% (95% CI: 25.0%, 43.8%). There were 23 PRs in Study 5 as assessed by the investigators for an ORR of 36.5% (95% CI: 24.7%, 49.6%). The majority (> 90%) of objective disease responses were observed during the first 4 cycles; the latest reported response was observed in Cycle 10. DR data from Study 4 is premature as only 9 of 36 patients (25%) responding to treatment had experienced disease progression or died at the time of the data cutoff.

 

Table 12. Cytokine-Refractory RCC Efficacy Results from Study 4 and Study 5

*Data not mature enough to determine upper confidence limit.

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; N=number of patients; NR=not reached; RCC=renal cell carcinoma.

a Assessed by blinded core radiology laboratory.

b Assessed by investigators.

Adjuvant Treatment

In the adjuvant treatment setting, sunitinib was investigated in S-TRAC (NCT#00375674), a multi-center, international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, trial in patients with high risk of recurrent RCC following nephrectomy. Patients were required to have clear cell histology and high risk of recurrence defined as ≥ T3 and/or N+ tumors. Six hundred fifteen (615) patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either 50 mg sunitinib once daily on Schedule 4/2 or placebo. Patients were treated for 9 cycles (approximately 1 year), or until disease recurrence, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent.

Demographics were generally comparable between the sunitinib and placebo arms with regard to age (median age 58 years), sex (73% male), and race (84% White, 12% Asian and 4% Other). At randomization, most patients had an ECOG performance status of 0 (74% sunitinib and 72% placebo). The remainder of the patients had an ECOG performance status of 1; 1 patient on sunitinib had a performance status of 2.

The major efficacy outcome measure was disease-free survival (DFS) in patients receiving sunitinib versus placebo as assessed by blinded independent central review (BICR). Overall survival was an additional endpoint. There was a statistically significant improvement in DFS in patients who were treated with sunitinib compared to placebo (Table 13 and Figure 3). Prespecified subgroup analyses are presented in Table 14. At the time of the DFS analysis, overall survival data were not mature, with 141/615 (23%) patient deaths.

 

Table 13. Disease-free Survival Results as Assessed by BICR in Adjuvant RCC (Intent to Treat Population) from S-TRAC

 

a P-value based on log-rank test stratified by University of California Los Angeles Integrated Staging System (UISS) prognostic group; HR based on a Cox proportional hazard model stratified by UISS prognostic group

Abbreviations: BICR=blinded independent central review; CI=confidence interval; DFS=disease-free survival; HR=hazard ratio; N=number of patients; RCC=renal cell carcinoma.

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; DFS=disease-free survival; HR=hazard ratio; N=number of patients; n=number of events; NR=not reached

a HR based on a Cox proportional hazards model

b T3 Intermediate: T3, N0 or NX, M0, any Fuhrman’s grade, ECOG PS 0 OR T3, N0 or NX, M0, Fuhrman’s grade 1, ECOG PS ≥ 1

c T3 High: T3, N0 or NX, M0, Fuhrman’s grade ≥ 2, ECOG PS ≥ 1

d T4/Node Positive: T4, N0 or NX, M0, any Fuhrman’s grade, any ECOG PS OR Any T, N1-2, M0, any Fuhrman’s grade, any ECOG PS

 

Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier Curve of Disease-free Survival as Assessed by BICR (Intent-to-Treat Population)

Abbreviations: BICR=blinded independent central review; CI=confidence interval; N=number of patients.

14.3 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Study 6 (NCT#00428597) was a multi-center, international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of single-agent sunitinib conducted in patients with unresectable pNET. Patients were required to have documented RECIST-defined disease progression within the prior 12 months and were randomized (1:1) to receive either 37.5 mg sunitinib (N = 86) or placebo (N = 85) once daily without a scheduled off-treatment period. The primary objective was to compare PFS in patients receiving sunitinib versus patients receiving placebo. Other endpoints included OS, ORR, and safety. Use of somatostatin analogs was allowed in the study.

Demographics were comparable between the sunitinib and placebo groups. Additionally, 49% of sunitinib patients had nonfunctioning tumors vs 52% of placebo patients, and 92% patients in both arms had liver metastases. A total of 66% of sunitinib patients received prior systemic therapy compared with 72% of placebo patients and 35% of sunitinib patients had received somatostatin analogs compared with 38% of placebo patients. Patients were treated until disease progression or withdrawal from the study. Upon disease progression or study closure, patients were offered access to sunitinib in a separate extension study.

As recommended by the Independent Data Monitoring Committee, the study was terminated prematurely prior to the prespecified interim analysis. This may have led to an overestimate of the magnitude of PFS effect. A clinically significant improvement for sunitinib over placebo in PFS was seen by both investigator and independent assessment. A hazard ratio favoring sunitinib was observed in all subgroups of baseline characteristics evaluated. OS data were not mature at the time of the analysis. There were 9 deaths in the sunitinib arm and 21 deaths in the placebo arm. A statistically significant difference in ORR favoring sunitinib over placebo was observed. Efficacy results are summarized in Table 15 and the Kaplan-Meier curve for PFS is in Figure 4.

 

Table 15. pNET Efficacy Results from Study 6

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; HR=hazard ratio; N=number of patients; NA=not applicable; pNET=pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

a 2-sided unstratified log-rank test.

b Fisher’s Exact test.

 

Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier Curve of PFS in the pNET Study 6

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; N=number of patients; PFS=progression-free survival; pNET=pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.