MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL- mycophenolate mofetil tablet, film coated
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL- mycophenolate mofetil capsule
Hisun Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.
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HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATIONThese highlights do not include all the information needed to use mycophenolate mofetil safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for mycophenolate mofetil
Mycophenolate mofetil capsules, for oral use Mycophenolate mofetil tablets, for oral use Rx ONLY Initial U.S. Approval: 1995 WARNING: EMBRYOFETAL TOXICITY, MALIGNANCIES and SERIOUS INFECTIONSSee full prescribing information for complete boxed warning
RECENT MAJOR CHANGES
INDICATIONS AND USAGEMycophenolate mofetil is an antimetabolite immunosuppressant indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult and pediatric recipients 3 months of age and older of allogeneic kidney, heart or liver transplants, in combination with other immunosuppressants. ( 1) DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
ADVERSE REACTIONSThe most common adverse reactions in clinical trials (20 % or greater) include diarrhea, leukopenia, infection, vomiting, and there is evidence of a higher frequency of certain types of infections e.g., opportunistic infection. ( 6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Hisun Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. at 1-855-554-4786 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.com DRUG INTERACTIONS
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and Medication Guide. Revised: 8/2023 |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection, in adult and pediatric recipients 3 months of age and older of allogeneic kidney [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1)], heart [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2)] or liver transplants [see Clinical Studies ( 14.3)], in combination with other immunosuppressants.
Mycophenolate mofetil should not be used without the supervision of a physician with experience in immunosuppressive therapy.
Mycophenolate mofetil Capsules, Tablets
Mycophenolate mofetil oral dosage forms (capsules, tablets) should not be used interchangeably with mycophenolic acid delayed-release tablets without supervision of a physician with experience in immunosuppressive therapy because the rates of absorption following the administration of mycophenolate mofetil oral dosage forms and mycophenolic acid delayed-release tablets are not equivalent.
Mycophenolate mofetil tablets should not be crushed and mycophenolate mofetil capsules should not be opened or crushed. Patients should avoid inhalation or contact of the skin or mucous membranes with the powder contained in mycophenolate mofetil capsules. If such contact occurs, they must wash the area of contact thoroughly with soap and water. In case of ocular contact, rinse eyes with plain water.
The initial oral dose of mycophenolate mofetil should be given as soon as possible following kidney, heart or liver transplant. It is recommended that mycophenolate mofetil be administered on an empty stomach. In stable transplant patients, however, mycophenolate mofetil may be administered with food if necessary [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)].
Patients should be instructed to take a missed dose as soon as they remember, except if it is closer than 2 hours to the next scheduled dose; in this case, they should continue to take mycophenolate mofetil at the usual times.
Adults
The recommended dosage for adult kidney transplant patients is 1 g orally or intravenously infused over no less than 2 hours, twice daily (total daily dose of 2 g).
Pediatrics (3 months and older)
Pediatric dosing is based on body surface area (BSA). Pediatric patients with BSA ≥1.25 m 2 may be dosed with capsules or tablets as follows:
Table 1 Pediatric Kidney Transplant: Dosage Using Capsules or Tablets
Body Surface Area |
Dosage |
1.25 m 2 to <1.5 m 2 |
Mycophenolate mofetil capsule 750 mg twice daily (1.5 g total daily dose) |
≥1.5 m 2 |
Mycophenolate mofetil capsules or tablets 1 g twice daily (2 g total daily dose) |
Adults
The recommended dosage of mycophenolate mofetil for adult heart transplant patients is 1.5 g orally or intravenously infused over no less than 2 hours administered twice daily (total daily dose of 3 g).
Pediatrics (3 months and older)
Pediatric patients with BSA ≥1.25 m
2 may be started on therapy with capsules or tablets as follows:
Table 2 Pediatric Heart Transplant: Pediatric Starting Dosage Using Capsules or Tablets
Body Surface Area | Starting Dosage* |
1.25 m 2 to <1.5 m 2 | Mycophenolate mofetil capsule 750 mg twice daily (1.5 g total daily dose) |
≥ 1.5 m 2 | Mycophenolate mofetil capsules or tablets 1 g twice daily (2 g total daily dose) |
*Maximum maintenance dose: 3 g total daily.
Adults
The recommended dose of mycophenolate mofetil for adult liver transplant patients is 1.5 g administered orally twice daily (daily dose of 3 g) or 1 g infused intravenously over no less than 2 hours, twice daily (total daily dose of 2 g).
Pediatrics (3 months and older)
Pediatric patients with BSA ≥1.25 m2 may be started on therapy with capsules or tablets as follows:
Table 3 Pediatric Liver Transplant: Pediatric Starting Dosage Using Capsules or Tablets
Body Surface Area | Starting Dosage* |
1.25 m 2 to <1.5 m 2 | Mycophenolate mofetil capsule 750 mg twice daily (1.5 g total daily dose) |
≥ 1.5 m 2 | Mycophenolate mofetil capsules or tablets 1 g twice daily (2 g total daily dose) |
*Maximum maintenance dose: 3 g total daily.
Renal Impairment
No dosage modifications are needed in kidney transplant patients with delayed graft function postoperatively [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)]. In kidney transplant patients with severe chronic impairment of the graft (GFR <25 mL/min/1.73 m 2), do not administer doses of mycophenolate mofetil greater than 1 g twice a day. These patients should be carefully monitored [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)].
Neutropenia
If neutropenia develops (ANC <1.3 × 10 3/µL), dosing with mycophenolate mofetil should be interrupted or reduced, appropriate diagnostic tests performed, and the patient managed appropriately [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4) and Adverse Reactions ( 6.1)].
Mycophenolate mofetil is available in the following dosage forms and strengths:
Capsules |
250 mg mycophenolate mofetil, two-piece hard gelatin capsules, powder blue-light orange, "MMF 250" printed in black on the powder blue cap and "HISUN" on the light orange body |
Tablets |
500 mg mycophenolate mofetil, purple-colored, caplet-shaped, film-coated tablets debossed with "426" on one side and "HU" on the other side |
Allergic reactions to mycophenolate mofetil have been observed; therefore, mycophenolate mofetil is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), mycophenolic acid (MPA) or any component of the drug product.
Use of MMF during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially external ear and other facial abnormalities including cleft lip and palate, and anomalies of the distal limbs, heart, esophagus, kidney and nervous system. Females of reproductive potential must be made aware of these risks and must be counseled regarding pregnancy prevention and planning. Avoid use of MMF during pregnancy if safer treatment options are available [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1, 8.3)].
Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including mycophenolate mofetil, are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the skin [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1)] . The risk appears to be related to the intensity and duration of immunosuppression rather than to the use of any specific agent. For patients with increased risk for skin cancer, exposure to sunlight and UV light should be limited by wearing protective clothing and using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high protection factor.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) developed in 0.4% to 1% of patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil (2 g or 3 g) with other immunosuppressive agents in controlled clinical trials of kidney, heart and liver transplant patients [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1)]. The majority of PTLD cases appear to be related to Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection. The risk of PTLD appears greatest in those individuals who are EBV seronegative, a population which includes many young children. In pediatric patients, no other malignancies besides PTLD were observed in clinical trials [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1)] .
Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including mycophenolate mofetil, are at increased risk of developing bacterial, fungal, protozoal and new or reactivated viral infections, including opportunistic infections. The risk increases with the total immunosuppressive load. These infections may lead to serious outcomes, including hospitalizations and death [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1), ( 6.2)].
Serious viral infections reported include:
Consider dose reduction or discontinuation of mycophenolate mofetil in patients who develop new infections or reactivate viral infections, weighing the risk that reduced immunosuppression represents to the functioning allograft.
PVAN, especially due to BK virus infection, is associated with serious outcomes, including deteriorating renal function and renal graft loss [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2)]. Patient monitoring may help detect patients at risk for PVAN.
PML, which is sometimes fatal, commonly presents with hemiparesis, apathy, confusion, cognitive deficiencies, and ataxia [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2)]. In immunosuppressed patients, physicians should consider PML in the differential diagnosis in patients reporting neurological symptoms.
The risk of CMV viremia and CMV disease is highest among transplant recipients seronegative for CMV at time of transplant who receive a graft from a CMV seropositive donor. Therapeutic approaches to limiting CMV disease exist and should be routinely provided. Patient monitoring may help detect patients at risk for CMV disease.
Viral reactivation has been reported in patients infected with HBV or HCV. Monitoring infected patients for clinical and laboratory signs of active HBV or HCV infection is recommended.
Severe neutropenia [absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <0.5 × 10 3/µL] developed in transplant patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil 3 g daily [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1)]. Patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil should be monitored for neutropenia. Neutropenia has been observed most frequently in the period from 31 to 180 days post-transplant in patients treated for prevention of kidney, heart and liver rejection. The development of neutropenia may be related to mycophenolate mofetil itself, concomitant medications, viral infections, or a combination of these causes. If neutropenia develops (ANC <1.3 × 10 3/µL), dosing with mycophenolate mofetil should be interrupted or the dose reduced, appropriate diagnostic tests performed, and the patient managed appropriately [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5)].
Patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil should be instructed to report immediately any evidence of infection, unexpected bruising, bleeding or any other manifestation of bone marrow depression.
Consider monitoring with complete blood counts weekly for the first month, twice monthly for the second and third months, and monthly for the remainder of the first year.
Cases of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) have been reported in patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil in combination with other immunosuppressive agents. In some cases, PRCA was found to be reversible with dose reduction or cessation of mycophenolate mofetil therapy. In transplant patients, however, reduced immunosuppression may place the graft at risk.
Gastrointestinal bleeding requiring hospitalization, ulceration and perforations were observed in clinical trials. Physicians should be aware of these serious adverse effects particularly when administering mycophenolate mofetil to patients with a gastrointestinal disease.
Mycophenolate mofetil is an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor; therefore it should be avoided in patients with hereditary deficiencies of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) such as Lesch-Nyhan and Kelley-Seegmiller syndromes because it may cause an exacerbation of disease symptoms characterized by the overproduction and accumulation of uric acid leading to symptoms associated with gout such as acute arthritis, tophi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis and renal disease including renal failure.
Acute inflammatory syndrome (AIS) has been reported with the use of MMF and mycophenolate products, and some cases have resulted in hospitalization. AIS is a paradoxical pro-inflammatory reaction characterized by fever, arthralgias, arthritis, muscle pain and elevated inflammatory markers including, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, without evidence of infection or underlying disease recurrence. Symptoms occur within weeks to months of initiation of treatment or a dose increase. After discontinuation, improvement of symptoms and inflammatory markers are usually observed within 24 to 48 hours.
Monitor patients for symptoms and laboratory parameters of AIS when starting treatment with mycophenolate products or when increasing the dosage. Discontinue treatment and consider other treatment alternatives based on the risk and benefit for the patient.
During treatment with mycophenolate mofetil, the use of live attenuated vaccines should be avoided (e.g., intranasal influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, oral polio, BCG, yellow fever, varicella, and TY21a typhoid vaccines) and patients should be advised that vaccinations may be less effective. Advise patients to discuss with the physician before seeking any immunizations.
Patients should not donate blood during therapy and for at least 6 weeks following discontinuation of mycophenolate mofetil because their blood or blood products might be administered to a female of reproductive potential or a pregnant woman.
Based on animal data, men should not donate semen during therapy and for 90 days following discontinuation of mycophenolate mofetil [see Use In Specific Populations ( 8.3)].
A variety of drugs have potential to alter systemic MPA exposure when co-administered with mycophenolate mofetil. Therefore, determination of MPA concentrations in plasma before and after making any changes to immunosuppressive therapy, or when adding or discontinuing concomitant medications, may be appropriate to ensure MPA concentrations remain stable.
Mycophenolate mofetil may impact the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should avoid driving or using machines if they experience somnolence, confusion, dizziness, tremor, or hypotension during treatment with mycophenolate mofetil [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1)].
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the label:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
An estimated total of 1557 adult patients received mycophenolate mofetil during pivotal clinical trials in the prevention of acute organ rejection. Of these, 991 were included in the three renal studies, 277 were included in one hepatic study, and 289 were included in one cardiac study. Patients in all study arms also received cyclosporine and corticosteroids.
The data described below primarily derive from five randomized, active-controlled double-blind 12-month trials of mycophenolate mofetil in de novo kidney (3) heart (1) and liver (1) transplant patients [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1, 14.2 and 14.3)].
Mycophenolate mofetil Oral
The incidence of adverse reactions for mycophenolate mofetil was determined in five randomized, comparative, double-blind trials in the prevention of rejection in kidney, heart and liver transplant patients (two active- and one placebo-controlled trials, one active-controlled trial, and one active-controlled trial, respectively) [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1, 14.2 and 14.3)].
The three de novo kidney studies with 12-month duration compared two dose levels of oral mycophenolate mofetil (1 g twice daily and 1.5 g twice daily) with azathioprine (2 studies) or placebo (1 study) when administered in combination with cyclosporine (Sandimmune ®) and corticosteroids to prevent acute rejection episodes. One study also included anti-thymocyte globulin (ATGAM ®) induction therapy.
In the de novo heart transplantation study with 12-month duration, patients received mycophenolate mofetil 1.5 g twice daily (n=289) or azathioprine 1.5 to 3 mg/kg/day (n=289), in combination with cyclosporine (Sandimmune ® or Neoral ®) and corticosteroids as maintenance immunosuppressive therapy.
In the de novo liver transplantation study with 12-month duration, patients received mycophenolate mofetil 1 g twice daily intravenously for up to 14 days followed by mycophenolate mofetil 1.5 g twice daily orally or azathioprine 1 to 2 mg/kg/day intravenously followed by azathioprine 1 to 2 mg/kg/day orally, in combination with cyclosporine (Neoral ®) and corticosteroids as maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. The total number of patients enrolled was 565.
Approximately 53% of the kidney transplant patients, 65% of the heart transplant patients, and 48% of the liver transplant patients were treated for more than 1 year. Adverse reactions reported in ≥20% of patients in the mycophenolate mofetil treatment groups are presented below. The safety data of three kidney transplantation studies are pooled together.
Table 5 Adverse Reactions in Controlled Studies of De Novo Kidney, Heart or Liver Transplantation Reported in ≥20% of Patients in the mycophenolate mofetil Group
Adverse drug reaction |
Kidney Studies |
Heart Study |
Liver Study |
||||
Mycophenolate Mofetil
or 3g/day (n=490) |
AZA
1 to 2 mg/kg/day or
|
Placebo |
Mycophenolate Mofetil
|
AZA
day |
Mycophenolate Mofetil
|
AZA
day |
|
(MedDRA) |
(n=991) |
(n=326) |
(n=166) |
(n=289) |
(n=289) |
(n=277) |
(n=287) |
System Organ Class |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
Infections and infestations |
|||||||
Bacterial infections |
39.9 |
33.7 |
37.3 |
- |
- |
27.4 |
26.5 |
Viral infections |
– a |
– |
– |
31.1 |
24.9 |
- |
- |
Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
|||||||
Anemia |
20.0 |
23.6 |
2.4 |
45.0 |
47.1 |
43.0 |
53.0 |
Ecchymosis |
- |
- |
- |
20.1 |
9.7 |
- |
- |
Leukocytosis |
– |
– |
– |
42.6 |
37.4 |
22.4 |
21.3 |
Leukopenia |
28.6 |
24.8 |
4.2 |
34.3 |
43.3 |
45.8 |
39.0 |
Thrombocytopenia |
- |
- |
- |
24.2 |
28.0 |
38.3 |
42.2 |
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
|||||||
Hypercholesterolemia |
- |
- |
- |
46.0 |
43.9 |
– |
– |
Hyperglycemia |
- |
- |
- |
48.4 |
53.3 |
43.7 |
48.8 |
Hyperkalemia |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
22.0 |
23.7 |
Hypocalcemia |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
30.0 |
30.0 |
Hypokalemia |
- |
- |
- |
32.5 |
26.3 |
37.2 |
41.1 |
Hypomagnesemia |
- |
- |
- |
20.1 |
14.2 |
39.0 |
37.6 |
Psychiatric disorders |
|||||||
Depression |
- |
- |
- |
20.1 |
15.2 |
- |
- |
Insomnia |
– |
– |
– |
43.3 |
39.8 |
52.3 |
47.0 |
Nervous system disorders |
|||||||
Dizziness |
- |
- |
- |
34.3 |
33.9 |
- |
- |
Headache |
– |
– |
– |
58.5 |
55.4 |
53.8 |
49.1 |
Tremor |
– |
– |
– |
26.3 |
25.6 |
33.9 |
35.5 |
Cardiac disorders |
|||||||
Tachycardia |
– |
– |
– |
22.8 |
21.8 |
22.0 |
15.7 |
Vascular disorders |
|||||||
Hypertension |
27.5 |
32.2 |
19.3 |
78.9 |
74.0 |
62.1 |
59.6 |
Hypotension |
- |
- |
- |
34.3 |
40.1 |
- |
- |
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
|||||||
Cough |
- |
- |
- |
40.5 |
32.2 |
- |
- |
Dyspnea |
- |
- |
- |
44.3 |
44.3 |
31.0 |
30.3 |
Pleural effusion |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
34.3 |
35.9 |
Gastrointestinal disorders |
|||||||
Abdominal pain |
22.4 |
23.0 |
11.4 |
41.9 |
39.4 |
62.5 |
51.2 |
Constipation |
– |
– |
– |
43.6 |
38.8 |
37.9 |
38.3 |
Decreased appetite |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
25.3 |
17.1 |
Diarrhea |
30.4 |
20.9 |
13.9 |
52.6 |
39.4 |
51.3 |
49.8 |
Dyspepsia |
- |
- |
- |
22.1 |
22.1 |
22.4 |
20.9 |
Nausea |
- |
- |
- |
56.1 |
60.2 |
54.5 |
51.2 |
Vomiting |
- |
- |
- |
39.1 |
34.6 |
32.9 |
33.4 |
Hepatobiliary disorders |
|||||||
Blood lactate dehydrogenase increased |
– |
– |
– |
23.5 |
18.3 |
– |
– |
Hepatic enzyme increased |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
24.9 |
19.2 |
Skin and subcutaneous tissues disorders |
|||||||
Rash |
– |
– |
– |
26.0 |
20.8 |
- |
- |
Renal and urinary disorders |
|||||||
Blood creatinine increased |
– |
– |
– |
42.2 |
39.8 |
– |
– |
Blood urea increased |
– |
– |
– |
36.7 |
34.3 |
– |
– |
General disorders and administration site conditions |
|||||||
Asthenia |
- |
- |
- |
49.1 |
41.2 |
35.4 |
33.8 |
Edema b |
21.0 |
28.2 |
8.4 |
67.5 |
55.7 |
48.4 |
47.7 |
Pain c |
24.8 |
32.2 |
9.6 |
79.2 |
77.5 |
74.0 |
77.5 |
Pyrexia |
- |
- |
- |
56.4 |
53.6 |
52.3 |
56.1 |
a: "-" Indicates that the incidence was below the cutoff value of 20% for inclusion in the table.
b: "Edema" includes peripheral edema, facial edema, scrotal edema.
c: "Pain" includes musculoskeletal pain (myalgia, neck pain, back pain).
In the three de novo kidney studies, patients receiving 2 g/day of mycophenolate mofetil had an overall better safety profile than did patients receiving 3 g/day of mycophenolate mofetil.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD, pseudolymphoma) developed in 0.4% to 1% of patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil (2 g or 3 g daily) with other immunosuppressive agents in controlled clinical trials of kidney, heart and liver transplant patients followed for at least 1 year [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2)]. Non-melanoma skin carcinomas occurred in 1.6% to 4.2% of patients, other types of malignancy in 0.7% to 2.1% of patients. Three-year safety data in kidney and heart transplant patients did not reveal any unexpected changes in incidence of malignancy compared to the 1-year data. In pediatric patients, PTLD was observed in 1.35% (2/148) by 12 months post-transplant.
Cytopenias, including leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia are a known risk associated with mycophenolate and may lead or contribute to the occurrence of infections and hemorrhages [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)]. Severe neutropenia (ANC <0.5 x 10 3/µL) developed in up to 2.0% of kidney transplant patients, up to 2.8% of heart transplant patients and up to 3.6% of liver transplant patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil 3 g daily [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4) and Dosage and Administration ( 2.5)].
The most common opportunistic infections in patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil with other immunosuppressants were mucocutaneous candida, CMV viremia/syndrome, and herpes simplex. The proportion of patients with CMV viremia/syndrome was 13.5%. In patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil (2 g or 3 g) in controlled studies for prevention of kidney, heart or liver rejection, fatal infection/sepsis occurred in approximately 2% of kidney and heart patients and in 5% of liver patients [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].
The most serious gastrointestinal disorders reported were ulceration and hemorrhage, which are known risks associated with mycophenolate mofetil. Mouth, esophageal, gastric, duodenal, and intestinal ulcers often complicated by hemorrhage, as well as hematemesis, melena, and hemorrhagic forms of gastritis and colitis were commonly reported during the pivotal clinical trials, while the most common gastrointestinal disorders were diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Endoscopic investigation of patients with mycophenolate mofetil -related diarrhea revealed isolated cases of intestinal villous atrophy [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5)].
The following adverse reactions were reported with 3% to <20% incidence in kidney, heart, and liver transplant patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil, in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids.
Table 6 Adverse Reactions in Controlled Studies of De Novo Kidney, Heart or Liver Transplantation Reported in 3% to <20% of Patients Treated with Mycophenolate Mofetil in Combination with Cyclosporine and Corticosteroids
Body System |
Adverse Reactions |
Body as a Whole |
cellulitis, chills, hernia, malaise |
Infections and Infestations |
fungal infections |
Hematologic and Lymphatic |
coagulation disorder, ecchymosis, pancytopenia |
Urogenital |
hematuria |
Cardiovascular |
hypotension |
Metabolic and Nutritional |
acidosis, alkaline phosphatase increased, hyperlipemia, hypophosphatemia, weight loss |
Digestive |
esophagitis, flatulence, gastritis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatitis, ileus, nausea and vomiting, stomach ulcer, stomatitis |
Neoplasm benign, malignant and unspecified |
neoplasm |
Skin and Appendages |
skin benign neoplasm, skin carcinoma |
Psychiatric |
confusional state |
Nervous |
hypertonia, paresthesia, somnolence |
Musculoskeletal |
arthralgia, myasthenia |
Pediatrics
The type and frequency of adverse events in a clinical study for prevention of kidney allograft rejection in 100 pediatric patients 3 months to 18 years of age dosed with mycophenolate mofetil oral suspension 600 mg/m 2 twice daily (up to 1 g twice daily) were generally similar to those observed in adult patients dosed with mycophenolate mofetil capsules at a dose of 1 g twice daily with the exception of abdominal pain, fever, infection, pain, sepsis, diarrhea, vomiting, pharyngitis, respiratory tract infection, hypertension, leukopenia, and anemia, which were observed in a higher proportion in pediatric patients.
Safety information in pediatric heart transplant or pediatric liver transplant patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil is supported by an open-label study in pediatric liver transplant patients and publications; the type and frequency of the reported adverse reactions are consistent with those observed in pediatric patients following renal transplant and in adults.
Geriatrics
Geriatric patients (≥65 years), particularly those who are receiving mycophenolate mofetil as part of a combination immunosuppressive regimen, may be at increased risk of certain infections (including cytomegalovirus [CMV] tissue invasive disease) and possibly gastrointestinal hemorrhage and pulmonary edema, compared to younger individuals [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3) and Adverse Reactions ( 6.1)].
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of mycophenolate mofetil. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure:
-Facial malformations: cleft lip, cleft palate, micrognathia, hypertelorism of the orbits
-Abnormalities of the ear and eye: abnormally formed or absent external/middle ear, coloboma, microphthalmos
-Malformations of the fingers: polydactyly, syndactyly, brachydactyly
-Cardiac abnormalities: atrial and ventricular septal defects
-Esophageal malformations: esophageal atresia
-Nervous system malformations: such as spina bifida.
Table 7 Drug Interactions with Mycophenolate Mofetil that Affect Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) Exposure
Antacids with Magnesium or Aluminum Hydroxide |
|
Clinical Impact | Concomitant use with an antacid containing magnesium or aluminum hydroxide decreases MPA systemic exposure [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] , which may reduce mycophenolate mofetil efficacy. |
Prevention or Management | Administer magnesium or aluminum hydroxide containing antacids at least 2h after mycophenolate mofetil administration. |
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) | |
Clinical Impact | Concomitant use with PPIs decreases MPA systemic exposure [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] , which may reduce mycophenolate mofetil efficacy. |
Prevention or Management | Monitor patients for alterations in efficacy when PPIs are co-administered with mycophenolate mofetil. |
Examples | Lansoprazole, pantoprazole |
Drugs that Interfere with Enterohepatic Recirculation | |
Clinical Impact | Concomitant use with drugs that directly interfere with enterohepatic recirculation, or indirectly interfere with enterohepatic recirculation by altering the gastrointestinal flora, can decrease MPA systemic exposure [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] , which may reduce mycophenolate mofetil efficacy. |
Prevention or Management | Monitor patients for alterations in efficacy or mycophenolate mofetil related adverse reactions when these drugs are co-administered with mycophenolate mofetil. |
Examples | Cyclosporine A, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, bile acid sequestrants (cholestyramine), rifampin as well as aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone and penicillin classes of antimicrobials |
Drugs Modulating Glucuronidation | |
Clinical Impact | Concomitant use with drugs inducing glucuronidation decreases MPA systemic exposure, potentially reducing mycophenolate mofetil efficacy, while use with drugs inhibiting glucuronidation increases MPA systemic exposure [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] , which may increase the risk of mycophenolate mofetil related adverse reactions. |
Prevention or Management | Monitor patients for alterations in efficacy or mycophenolate mofetil related adverse reactions when these drugs are co-administered with mycophenolate mofetil. |
Examples | Telmisartan (induces glucuronidation); isavuconazole (inhibits glucuronidation). |
Calcium Free Phosphate Binders | |
Clinical Impact | Concomitant use with calcium free phosphate binders decrease MPA systemic exposure [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] , which may reduce mycophenolate mofetil efficacy. |
Prevention or Management | Administer calcium free phosphate binders at least 2 hours after mycophenolate mofetil. |
Examples | Sevelamer |
Table 8 Drug Interactions with Mycophenolate Mofetil that Affect Other Drugs
Drugs that Undergo Renal Tubular Secretion |
|
Clinical Impact |
When concomitantly used with mycophenolate mofetil, its metabolite MPAG, may compete with drugs eliminated by renal tubular secretion which may increase plasma concentrations and/or adverse reactions associated with these drugs. |
Prevention or Management |
Monitor for drug-related adverse reactions in patients with renal impairment. |
Examples |
Acyclovir, ganciclovir, probenecid, valacyclovir, valganciclovir |
Combination Oral Contraceptives |
|
Clinical Impact |
Concomitant use with mycophenolate mofetil decreased the systemic exposure to levonorgestrel, but did not affect the systemic exposure to ethinylestradiol [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)], which may result in reduced combination oral contraceptive effectiveness. |
Prevention or Management |
Use additional barrier contraceptive methods. |
Pregnancy Exposure Registry
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to mycophenolate during pregnancy and those becoming pregnant within 6 weeks of discontinuing mycophenolate mofetil treatment. To report a pregnancy or obtain information about the registry, visit www.mycophenolateREMS.com or call 1-800-617-8191.
Risk Summary
Use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and an increased risk of multiple congenital malformations in multiple organ systems [see Human Data]. Oral administration of mycophenolate to rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis produced congenital malformations and pregnancy loss at doses less than the recommended clinical dose (0.01 to 0.05 times the recommended clinical doses in kidney and heart transplant patients) [see Animal Data].
Consider alternative immunosuppressants with less potential for embryofetal toxicity. Risks and benefits of mycophenolate mofetil should be discussed with the pregnant woman.
The estimated background risk of pregnancy loss and congenital malformations in organ transplant populations is not clear. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Data
Human Data
A spectrum of congenital malformations (including multiple malformations in individual newborns) has been reported in 23 to 27% of live births in MMF exposed pregnancies, based on published data from pregnancy registries. Malformations that have been documented include external ear, eye, and other facial abnormalities including cleft lip and palate, and anomalies of the distal limbs, heart, esophagus, kidney, and nervous system.
Based on published data from pregnancy registries, the risk of first trimester pregnancy loss has been reported at 45 to 49% following MMF exposure.
Animal Data
In animal reproductive toxicology studies, there were increased rates of fetal resorptions and malformations in the absence of maternal toxicity. Oral administration of MMF to pregnant rats from Gestational Day 7 to Day 16 produced increased embryofetal lethality and fetal malformations including anophthalmia, agnathia, and hydrocephaly at doses equivalent to 0.015 and 0.01 times the recommended human doses for renal and cardiac transplant patients, respectively, when corrected for BSA. Oral administration of MMF to pregnant rabbits from Gestational Day 7 to Day 19 produced increased embryofetal lethality and fetal malformations included ectopia cordis, ectopic kidneys, diaphragmatic hernia, and umbilical hernia at dose equivalents as low as 0.05 and 0.03 times the recommended human doses for renal and cardiac transplant patients, respectively, when corrected for BSA.
Risk Summary
There are no data on the presence of mycophenolate in human milk, or the effects on milk production. There are limited data in the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry on the effects of mycophenolate on a breastfed child [see Data]. Studies in rats treated with MMF have shown mycophenolic acid (MPA) to be present in milk. Because available data are limited, it is not possible to exclude potential risks to a breastfeeding infant.
The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for mycophenolate mofetil and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from mycophenolate mofetil or from the underlying maternal condition.
Data
Limited information is available from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry. Of seven infants reported by the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry to have been breastfed while the mother was taking mycophenolate, all were born at 34-40 weeks gestation, and breastfed for up to 14 months. No adverse events were reported.
Females of reproductive potential must be made aware of the increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and congenital malformations and must be counseled regarding pregnancy prevention and planning.
Pregnancy Planning
For patients who are considering pregnancy, consider alternative immunosuppressants with less potential for embryofetal toxicity whenever possible. Risks and benefits of mycophenolate mofetil should be discussed with the patient.
Pregnancy Testing
To prevent unplanned exposure during pregnancy, all females of reproductive potential should have a serum or urine pregnancy test with a sensitivity of at least 25 mIU/mL immediately before starting mycophenolate mofetil. Another pregnancy test with the same sensitivity should be done 8 to 10 days later. Repeat pregnancy tests should be performed during routine follow-up visits. Results of all pregnancy tests should be discussed with the patient. In the event of a positive pregnancy test, consider alternative immunosuppressants with less potential for embryofetal toxicity whenever possible.
Contraception
Female Patients
Females of reproductive potential taking mycophenolate mofetil must receive contraceptive counseling and use acceptable contraception (see Table 9 for acceptable contraception methods). Patients must use acceptable birth control during the entire mycophenolate mofetil therapy, and for 6 weeks after stopping mycophenolate mofetil, unless the patient chooses abstinence.
Patients should be aware that mycophenolate mofetil reduces blood levels of the hormones from the oral contraceptive pill and could theoretically reduce its effectiveness [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2)].
Table 9 Acceptable Contraception Methods for Females of Reproductive Potential
Pick from the following birth control options:
Option 1 | |||
Methods to Use Alone |
|
||
OR | |||
Option 2 |
Hormone Methods choose 1 |
Barrier Methods choose 1 |
|
Choose One Hormone Method AND One Barrier Method |
Estrogen and Progesterone
Progesterone-only
| AND |
|
OR | |||
Option 3 |
Barrier Methods choose 1 |
Barrier Methods choose 1 |
|
Choose One Barrier Method from each column (must choose two methods) |
| AND |
|
Male Patients
Genotoxic effects have been observed in animal studies at exposures exceeding the human therapeutic exposures by approximately 1.25 times. Thus, the risk of genotoxic effects on sperm cells cannot be excluded. Based on this potential risk, sexually active male patients and/or their female partners are recommended to use effective contraception during treatment of the male patient and for at least 90 days after cessation of treatment. Also, based on the potential risk of genotoxic effects, male patients should not donate sperm during treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and for at least 90 days after cessation of treatment [see Use in Special Populations ( 8.1), Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1), Patient Counseling Information ( 17.9)] .
Safety and effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil have been established in pediatric patients 3 months and older for the prophylaxis of organ rejection of allogenic kidney, heart or liver transplants.
Kidney Transplant
Use of mycophenolate mofetil in this population is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of mycophenolate mofetil in adults with additional data from one open-label, pharmacokinetic and safety study of mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric patients after receiving allogeneic kidney transplant (100 patients, 3 months to 18 years of age) [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2), Adverse Reactions ( 6.1), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3), Clinical Studies ( 14.1)].
Heart Transplant and Liver Transplant
Use of mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric heart transplant and liver transplant patients is supported by adequate and well-controlled studies and pharmacokinetic data in adult heart transplant and liver transplant patients. Additional supportive data include pharmacokinetic data in pediatric kidney transplant and pediatric liver transplant patients (8 liver transplant patients, 9 months to 5 years of age, in an open-label, pharmacokinetic and safety study) and published evidence of clinical efficacy and safety in pediatric heart transplant and pediatric liver transplant patients
[see Dosage and Administration (
2.3,
2.4), Adverse Reactions (
6.1), Clinical Pharmacology (
12.3), Clinical Studies (
14.1)].
Clinical studies of mycophenolate mofetil did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between geriatric and younger patients. In general, dose selection for a geriatric patient should take into consideration the presence of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function and of concomitant drug therapies [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1), Drug Interactions ( 7)].
Patients with Kidney Transplant
No dosage adjustments are needed in kidney transplant patients experiencing delayed graft function postoperatively but patients should be carefully monitored [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)]. In kidney transplant patients with severe chronic impairment of the graft (GFR <25 mL/min/1.73 m 2), no dose adjustments are necessary; however, doses greater than 1 g administered twice a day should be avoided.
Patients with Heart and Liver Transplant
No data are available for heart or liver transplant patients with severe chronic renal impairment. Mycophenolate mofetil may be used for heart or liver transplant patients with severe chronic renal impairment if the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks.
Patients with Kidney Transplant
No dosage adjustments are recommended for kidney transplant patients with severe hepatic parenchymal disease. However, it is not known whether dosage adjustments are needed for hepatic disease with other etiologies [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)].
Patients with Heart Transplant
No data are available for heart transplant patients with severe hepatic parenchymal disease.
Possible signs and symptoms of acute overdose include hematological abnormalities such as leukopenia and neutropenia, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia.
The experience with overdose of mycophenolate mofetil in humans is limited. The reported effects associated with overdose fall within the known safety profile of the drug. The highest dose administered to kidney transplant patients in clinical trials has been 4 g/day. In limited experience with heart and liver transplant patients in clinical trials, the highest doses used were 4 g/day or 5 g/day. At doses of 4 g/day or 5 g/day, there appears to be a higher rate, compared to the use of 3 g/day or less, of gastrointestinal intolerance (nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea), and occasional hematologic abnormalities, particularly neutropenia [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)].
Treatment and Management
MPA and the phenolic glucuronide metabolite of MPA (MPAG) are usually not removed by hemodialysis. However, at high MPAG plasma concentrations (>100 µg/mL), small amounts of MPAG are removed. By increasing excretion of the drug, MPA can be removed by bile acid sequestrants, such as cholestyramine [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)].
Mycophenolate mofetil, USP is an antimetabolite immunosuppressant. It is the 2-morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressive agent; inosine; monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor.
The chemical name for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is 2-morpholinoethyl (E)-6-(1,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-isobenzofuranyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoate. It has an empirical formula of C 23H 31NO 7, a molecular weight of 433.50, and the following structural formula:
MMF is a white to off-white crystalline powder. It is slightly soluble in water (43 µg/mL at pH 7.4); the solubility increases in acidic medium (4.27 mg/mL at pH 3.6). It is freely soluble in acetone, soluble in methanol, and sparingly soluble in ethanol. The apparent partition coefficient in 1-octanol/water (pH 7.4) buffer solution is 238. The pKa values for MMF are 5.6 for the morpholino group and 8.5 for the phenolic group.
Mycophenolate mofetil is available for oral administration as capsules containing 250 mg of mycophenolate mofetil, USP, tablets containing 500 mg of mycophenolate mofetil, USP.
Inactive ingredients in mycophenolate mofetil, USP 250 mg capsules include croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, povidone (K-90) and pregelatinized starch. The capsule shells contain black iron oxide, FD&C Blue #2, gelatin, red iron oxide, titanium dioxide, and yellow iron oxide. The capsule is printed with edible black ink: shellac, dehydrated alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, purified water, strong ammonia solution and potassium hydroxide.
Inactive ingredients in mycophenolate mofetil, USP 500 mg tablets include croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose 102, povidone (K-90), magnesium stearate, lecithin (soy), black iron oxide, titanium dioxide, red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, talc, polyethylene glycol, and polyvinyl alcohol.
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is absorbed following oral administration and hydrolyzed to mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite. MPA is a selective uncompetitive inhibitor of the two isoforms (type I and type II) of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) leading to inhibition of the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis and blocks DNA synthesis. The mechanism of action of MPA is multifaceted and includes effects on cellular checkpoints responsible for metabolic programming of lymphocytes. MPA shifts transcriptional activities in lymphocytes from a proliferative state to catabolic processes. In vitro studies suggest that MPA modulates transcriptional activities in human CD4 + T-lymphocytes by suppressing the Akt/mTOR and STAT5 pathways that are relevant to metabolism and survival, leading to an anergic state of T-cells whereby the cells become less responsive to antigenic stimulation. Additionally, MPA enhanced the expression of negative co-stimulators such as CD70, PD-1, CTLA-4, and transcription factor FoxP3 as well as decreased the expression of positive co-stimulators CD27 and CD28.
MPA decreases proliferative responses of T- and B-lymphocytes to both mitogenic and allo-antigenic stimulation, antibody responses, as well as the production of cytokines from lymphocytes and monocytes such as GM-CSF, IFN-Ɣ, IL-17, and TNF-α. Additionally, MPA prevents the glycosylation of lymphocyte and monocyte glycoproteins that are involved in intercellular adhesion to endothelial cells and may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes into sites of inflammation and graft rejection.
Overall, the effect of MPA is cytostatic and reversible.
In a 104-week oral carcinogenicity study in mice, MMF in daily doses up to 180 mg/kg was not tumorigenic. The highest dose tested was 0.2 times the recommended clinical dose (2 g/day) in renal transplant patients and 0.15 times the recommended clinical dose (3 g/day) in cardiac transplant patients when corrected for differences in body surface area (BSA). In a 104-week oral carcinogenicity study in rats, MMF in daily doses up to 15 mg/kg was not tumorigenic. The highest dose was 0.035 times the recommended clinical dose in kidney transplant patients and 0.025 times the recommended clinical dose in heart transplant patients when corrected for BSA. While these animal doses were lower than those given to patients, they were maximal in those species and were considered adequate to evaluate the potential for human risk [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2)].
The genotoxic potential of MMF was determined in five assays. MMF was genotoxic in the mouse lymphoma/thymidine kinase assay and the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. MMF was not genotoxic in the bacterial mutation assay, the yeast mitotic gene conversion assay or the Chinese hamster ovary cell chromosomal aberration assay.
MMF had no effect on fertility of male rats at oral doses up to 20 mg/kg/day. This dose represents 0.05 times the recommended clinical dose in renal transplant patients and 0.03 times the recommended clinical dose in cardiac transplant patients when corrected for BSA. In a female fertility and reproduction study conducted in rats, oral doses of 4.5 mg/kg/day caused malformations (principally of the head and eyes) in the first generation offspring in the absence of maternal toxicity. This dose was 0.01 times the recommended clinical dose in renal transplant patients and 0.005 times the recommended clinical dose in cardiac transplant patients when corrected for BSA. No effects on fertility or reproductive parameters were evident in the dams or in the subsequent generation.
Adults
The three de novo kidney transplantation studies compared two dose levels of oral mycophenolate mofetil (1 g twice daily and 1.5 g twice daily) with azathioprine (2 studies) or placebo (1 study) to prevent acute rejection episodes. One of the two studies with azathioprine (AZA) control arm also included anti-thymocyte globulin (ATGAM ®) induction therapy. The geographic location of the investigational sites of these studies are included in Table 13.
In all three de novo kidney transplantation studies, the primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients in each treatment group who experienced treatment failure within the first 6 months after transplantation. Treatment failure was defined as biopsy-proven acute rejection on treatment or the occurrence of death, graft loss or early termination from the study for any reason without prior biopsy-proven rejection.
Mycophenolate mofetil, in combination with corticosteroids and cyclosporine, reduced (statistically significant at 0.05 level) the incidence of treatment failure within the first 6 months following transplantation ( Table 13). Patients who prematurely discontinued treatment were followed for the occurrence of death or graft loss, and the cumulative incidence of graft loss and patient death combined are summarized in Table 14. Patients who prematurely discontinued treatment were not followed for the occurrence of acute rejection after termination.
Table 13 Treatment Failure in De Novo Kidney Transplantation Studies
USA Study (N=499 patients) |
Mycophenolate Mofetil
(n=167 patients) |
Mycophenolate Mofetil
(n=166 patients) |
AZA
(n=166 patients) |
All 3 groups received anti-thymocyte globulin induction, cyclosporine and corticosteroids |
|||
All treatment failures |
31.1% |
31.3% |
47.6% |
Early termination without prior acute rejection |
9.6% |
12.7% |
6.0% |
Biopsy-proven rejection episode on treatment |
19.8% |
17.5% |
38.0% |
Europe/Canada/Australia Study
|
Mycophenolate Mofetil
(n=173 patients) |
Mycophenolate Mofetil
(n=164 patients) |
AZA
|
No induction treatment administered; all 3 groups received cyclosporine and corticosteroids |
|||
All treatment failures |
38.2% |
34.8% |
50.0% |
Early termination without prior acute rejection |
13.9% |
15.2% |
10.2% |
Biopsy-proven rejection episode on treatment |
19.7% |
15.9% |
35.5% |
Europe Study (N=491 patients) |
Mycophenolate Mofetil
(n=165 patients) |
Mycophenolate Mofetil
(n=160 patients) |
Placebo
|
No induction treatment administered; all 3 groups received cyclosporine and corticosteroids. |
|||
All treatment failures |
30.3% |
38.8% |
56.0% |
Early termination without prior acute rejection |
11.5% |
22.5% |
7.2% |
Biopsy-proven rejection episode on treatment |
17.0% |
13.8% |
46.4% |
*Does not include death and graft loss as reason for early termination.
No advantage of mycophenolate mofetil at 12 months with respect to graft loss or patient death (combined) was established ( Table 14). Numerically, patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil 2 g/day and 3 g/day experienced a better outcome than controls in all three studies; patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil 2 g/day experienced a better outcome than mycophenolate mofetil 3 g/day in two of the three studies. Patients in all treatment groups who terminated treatment early were found to have a poor outcome with respect to graft loss or patient death at 1 year.
Table 14 De Novo Kidney Transplantation Studies Cumulative Incidence of Combined Graft Loss or Patient Death at 12 Months
Study |
Mycophenolate Mofetil
|
Mycophenolate Mofetil
|
Control
|
USA |
8.5% |
11.5% |
12.2% |
Europe/Canada/Australia |
11.7% |
11.0% |
13.6% |
Europe |
8.5% |
10.0% |
11.5% |
Pediatrics - De Novo Kidney transplantation PK Study with Long Term Follow-Up
One open-label, safety and pharmacokinetic study of mycophenolate mofetil oral suspension 600 mg/m 2 twice daily (up to 1 g twice daily) in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids was performed at centers in the United States (9), Europe (5) and Australia (1) in 100 pediatric patients (3 months to 18 years of age) for the prevention of renal allograft rejection. Mycophenolate mofetil was well tolerated in pediatric patients [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1)], and the pharmacokinetics profile was similar to that seen in adult patients dosed with 1 g twice daily mycophenolate mofetil capsules [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)]. The rate of biopsy-proven rejection was similar across the age groups (3 months to <6 years, 6 years to <12 years, 12 years to 18 years). The overall biopsy-proven rejection rate at 6 months was comparable to adults. The combined incidence of graft loss (5%) and patient death (2%) at 12 months post-transplant was similar to that observed in adult kidney transplant patients.
A double-blind, randomized, comparative, parallel-group, multicenter study in primary de novo heart transplant recipients was performed at centers in the United States (20), in Canada (1), in Europe (5) and in Australia (2). The total number of patients enrolled (ITT population) was 650; 72 never received study drug and 578 received study drug (Safety Population). Patients received mycophenolate mofetil 1.5 g twice daily (n=289) or AZA 1.5 to 3 mg/kg/day (n=289), in combination with cyclosporine (Sandimmune ® or Neoral ®) and corticosteroids as maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. The two primary efficacy endpoints were: (1) the proportion of patients who, after transplantation, had at least one endomyocardial biopsy-proven rejection with hemodynamic compromise, or were re-transplanted or died, within the first 6 months, and (2) the proportion of patients who died or were re-transplanted during the first 12 months following transplantation. Patients who prematurely discontinued treatment were followed for the occurrence of allograft rejection for up to 6 months and for the occurrence of death for 1 year.
The analyses of the endpoints showed:
Table 15 De Novo Heart Transplantation Study Rejection at 6 Months/Death or Re-transplantation at 1 Year
All Patients(ITT) |
Treated Patients |
|||
AZA N = 323 |
Mycophenolate Mofetil N = 327 |
AZA N = 289 |
Mycophenolate Mofetil N = 289 |
|
Biopsy-proven rejection with hemodynamic compromise at 6 months a |
121 (38%) |
120 (37%) |
100 (35%) |
92 (32%) |
Death or retransplantation at 1 year |
49 (15.2%) |
42 (12.8%) |
33 (11.4%) |
18 (6.2%) |
a Hemodynamic compromise occurred if any of the following criteria were met: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≥20 mm or a 25% increase; cardiac index <2.0 L/min/m 2 or a 25% decrease; ejection fraction ≤30%; pulmonary artery oxygen saturation ≤60% or a 25% decrease; presence of new S 3 gallop; fractional shortening was ≤20% or a 25% decrease; inotropic support required to manage the clinical condition.
A double-blind, randomized, comparative, parallel-group, multicenter study in primary hepatic transplant recipients was performed at centers in the United States (16), in Canada (2), in Europe (4) and in Australia (1). The total number of patients enrolled was 565. Per protocol, patients received mycophenolate mofetil 1 g twice daily intravenously for up to 14 days followed by mycophenolate mofetil 1.5 g twice daily orally or AZA 1 to 2 mg/kg/day intravenously followed by AZA 1 to 2 mg/kg/day orally, in combination with cyclosporine (Neoral ®) and corticosteroids as maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. The actual median oral dose of AZA on study was 1.5 mg/kg/day (range of 0.3 to 3.8 mg/kg/day) initially and 1.26 mg/kg/day (range of 0.3 to 3.8 mg/kg/day) at 12 months. The two primary endpoints were: (1) the proportion of patients who experienced, in the first 6 months post-transplantation, one or more episodes of biopsy-proven and treated rejection or death or re-transplantation, and (2) the proportion of patients who experienced graft loss (death or re-transplantation) during the first 12 months post-transplantation. Patients who prematurely discontinued treatment were followed for the occurrence of allograft rejection and for the occurrence of graft loss (death or re-transplantation) for 1 year.
In combination with corticosteroids and cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil demonstrated a lower rate of acute rejection at 6 months and a similar rate of death or re-transplantation at 1 year compared to AZA ( Table 16).
Table 16 De Novo Liver Transplantation Study Rejection at 6 Months/Death or Retransplantation at 1 Year
AZA
|
Mycophenolate Mofetil
|
|
Biopsy-proven, treated rejection at 6 months (includes death or re-transplantation) |
137 (47.7%) |
107 (38.5%) |
Death or re-transplantation at 1 year |
42 (14.6%) |
41 (14.7%) |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has demonstrated teratogenic effects in humans [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)] . Mycophenolate mofetil tablets should not be crushed and mycophenolate mofetil capsules should not be opened or crushed. Avoid inhalation or direct contact with skin or mucous membranes of the powder contained in mycophenolate mofetil capsules. Follow applicable special handling and disposal procedures 1.
Capsules
Hard gelatin capsule size “1” with a powder blue colored cap and a light orange colored body, printed “MMF 250” on the cap and “HISUN” on the body with black ink |
|
Sizes | |
Bottle of 100 | NDC 42658-501-05 |
Bottle of 120 | NDC 42658-501-06 |
Bottle of 500 | NDC 42658-501-07 |
Storage
Store at 25˚C (77˚F); excursions permitted to 15˚ to 30˚C (59˚ to 86˚F) |
Tablets
Purple-colored, caplet-shaped, film-coated tablets debossed with "426" on one side and "HU" on the other side |
|
Sizes | |
Bottle of 100 | NDC 42658-101-05 |
Bottle of 500 | NDC 42658-101-07 |
Storage and Dispensing Information:
|
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).
Pregnancy loss and malformations
Contraception
Inform patients that they are at increased risk of developing a variety of infections due to immunosuppression. Instruct them to contact their physician if they develop any of the signs and symptoms of infection explained in the Medication Guide [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].
Inform patients that they are at increased risk for developing blood adverse effects such as anemia or low white blood cells. Advise patients to immediately contact their healthcare provider if they experience any evidence of infection, unexpected bruising, or bleeding, or any other manifestation of bone marrow suppression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)].
Inform patients that mycophenolate mofetil can cause gastrointestinal tract complications including bleeding, intestinal perforations, and gastric or duodenal ulcers. Advise the patient to contact their healthcare provider if they have symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding, or sudden onset or persistent abdominal pain [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5)].
Inform patients that acute inflammatory reactions have been reported in some patients who received mycophenolate mofetil. Some reactions were severe, requiring hospitalization. Advise patients to contact their physician if they develop fever, joint stiffness, joint pain or muscle pains [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7)].
Inform patients that mycophenolate mofetil can interfere with the usual response to immunizations. Before seeking vaccines on their own, advise patients to discuss first with their physician. [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8)].
Advise patients not to donate blood during therapy and for at least 6 weeks following discontinuation of mycophenolate mofetil [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11)].
Advise males of childbearing potential not to donate semen during therapy and for 90 days following discontinuation of mycophenolate mofetil [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.12)].
Advise patients that mycophenolate mofetil can affect the ability to drive or operate machines. Patients should avoid driving or operating machines if they experience somnolence, confusion, dizziness, tremor or hypotension during treatment with mycophenolate mofetil [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.14)].
Dispense with Medication Guide available at:
www.hisunusa.com/medguide/mycophenolate-mofetil-capsules-tablets.pdf
Manufactured by (Only for tablets):
Epic Pharma, LLC
Laurelton, NY 11413
Distributed by:
Hisun Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.
Bridgewater, NJ 08807 USA
Rev. 05-2023-01
MFHIS101REV05/23
OS0014
Dispense with Medication Guide available at:
www.hisunusa.com/medguide/mycophenolate-mofetil-capsules-tablets.pdf
Mycophenolate Mofetil Capsules, USP
and
Mycophenolate Mofetil Tablets, USP
(mye” koe fen’oh late moe’fe til)
Read the Medication Guide that comes with mycophenolate mofetil before you start taking it and each time you refill your prescription. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment. |
What is the most important information I should know about mycophenolate mofetil? Mycophenolate mofetil can cause serious side effects, including: Increased risk of loss of a pregnancy (miscarriage) and higher risk of birth defects. Females who take mycophenolate mofetil during pregnancy have a higher risk of miscarriage during the first 3 months (first trimester), and a higher risk that their baby will be born with birth defects.
Increased risk of getting certain cancers. People who take mycophenolate mofetil have a higher risk of getting lymphoma, and other cancers, especially skin cancer. Tell your doctor if you have:
Increased risk of getting serious infections. Mycophenolate mofetil weakens the body's immune system and affects your ability to fight infections. Serious infections can happen with mycophenolate mofetil and can lead to hospitalizations and death. These serious infections can include:
Call your doctor right away if you have any of the following signs and symptoms of infection:
See “What are the possible side effects of mycophenolate mofetil?” for information about other serious side effects. |
What is mycophenolate mofetil?
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Who should not take mycophenolate mofetil? Do not take mycophenolate mofetil if you are allergic to mycophenolate mofetil or any of the ingredients in mycophenolate mofetil. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients in mycophenolate mofetil. |
What should I tell my doctor before taking mycophenolate mofetil? Tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you:
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. Some medicines may affect the way mycophenolate mofetil works, and mycophenolate mofetil may affect how some medicines work. Especially tell your doctor if you take:
Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show to your doctor or nurse and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. Do not take any new medicine without talking with your doctor. |
How should I take mycophenolate mofetil?
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What should I avoid while taking mycophenolate mofetil?
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What are the possible side effects of mycophenolate mofetil? Mycophenolate mofetil may cause serious side effects, including:
The most common side effects of mycophenolate mofetil include:
Side effects that can happen more often in children than in adults taking mycophenolate mofetil include:
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects to Hisun Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. at 1-855-554-4786. |
How should I store mycophenolate mofetil?
Keep mycophenolate mofetil and all medicines out of the reach of children. |
General information about the safe and effective use of mycophenolate mofetil. Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use mycophenolate mofetil for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give mycophenolate mofetil to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about mycophenolate mofetil. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist about mycophenolate mofetil that is written for health professionals. |
What are the ingredients in mycophenolate mofetil Capsules, USP and mycophenolate mofetil Tablets, USP? Active Ingredient: mycophenolate mofetil, USP
Inactive Ingredients:
Manufactured by (Only for tablets):
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Mycophenolate mofetil tablets, USP 500 mg
Each tablet contains 250 mg mycophenolate mofetil, USP.
Rx only
PHARMACIST: Dispense the accompanying Medication Guide to each patient.
Print Medication Guide at: www.hisunusa.com/medguidemycophenolate-mofetil-capsules-tablets.pdf
NDC 42658-101-05
500 mg: 100 Tablets Label
NDC 42658-101-07
500 mg: 500 Tablets Label
Mycophenolate mofetil capsules, USP 250 mg
Each capsule contains 250 mg mycophenolate mofetil, USP.
Rx only
PHARMACIST: Dispense the accompanying Medication Guide to each patient.
NDC 42658-501-05
250 mg: 100 Capsules Label
NDC 42658-501-06
250 mg: 120 Capsules Label
NDC 42658-501-07
250 mg: 500 Capsules Label
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL
mycophenolate mofetil tablet, film coated |
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MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL
mycophenolate mofetil capsule |
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Labeler - Hisun Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (961628505) |