5.1 Cardiac Ischemia after Abrupt Discontinuation

Following abrupt discontinuation of therapy with beta-blockers, exacerbations of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction have occurred.

When discontinuing chronically administered INNOPRAN XL, particularly in patients with ischemic heart disease, gradually reduce the dose over a period of 1-2 weeks and monitor the patients. If angina markedly worsens or acute coronary insufficiency develops, promptly resume therapy, at least temporarily and take other measures appropriate for the management of unstable angina. Warn patients against interruption or discontinuation of therapy without physician’s advice.

Because coronary artery disease is common and may be unrecognized, avoid abrupt discontinuation of INNOPRAN XL therapy even in patients treated only for hypertension.

5.2 Cardiac Failure

Beta-blockers, like INNOPRAN XL, can cause depression of myocardial contractility and may precipitate heart failure and cardiogenic shock. If signs or symptoms of heart failure develop, treat the patient according to recommended guidelines. It may be necessary to lower the dose of INNOPRAN XL or to discontinue it.

5.3 Maintain During Major Surgery

Chronically administered beta-blocking therapy, including INNOPRAN XL, should not be routinely withdrawn prior to major surgery; however, the impaired ability of the heart to respond to reflex adrenergic stimuli may augment the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures.

5.4 Hypoglycemia

Beta-blockers may prevent early warning signs of hypoglycemia, such as tachycardia, and increase the risk for severe or prolonged hypoglycemia at any time during treatment, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus or children and patients who are fasting (i.e., surgery, not eating regularly, or are vomiting). If severe hypoglycemia occurs, patients should be instructed to seek emergency treatment.

5.5 Thyrotoxicosis

INNOPRAN XL may mask clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, such as tachycardia. Avoid abrupt withdrawal of beta-blockade, which may precipitate a thyroid storm.

5.6 Bradycardia

Bradycardia, including sinus pause, heart block, and cardiac arrest have occurred with the use of INNOPRAN XL. Patients with first-degree atrioventricular block, sinus node dysfunction, or conduction disorders (including Wolff-Parkinson-White) may be at increased risk. The concomitant use of beta-adrenergic blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil and diltiazem), digoxin or clonidine increases the risk of significant bradycardia. Monitor heart rate and rhythm in patients receiving INNOPRAN XL. If severe bradycardia develops, reduce or stop INNOPRAN XL.

5.7 Reduced Effectiveness of Epinephrine in Treating Anaphylaxis

Beta adrenergic blocker-treated patients treated with epinephrine for a severe anaphylactic reaction may be less responsive to the typical doses of epinephrine. In these patients, consider other medications (e.g., intravenous fluids, glucagon).

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Adverse reactions occurring at a rate of ≥3%, excluding those reported more commonly in placebo, encountered in the INNOPRAN XL placebo-controlled hypertension trials and plausibly related to treatment are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions Reported In ≥3% of Subjects

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

In addition to adverse reactions reported from clinical trials, the following reactions have been identified during post-marketing use of INNOPRAN XL. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

The following adverse reactions were observed and have been reported with use of formulations of sustained- or immediate-release propranolol.

Allergic: Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions; pharyngitis and agranulocytosis; erythematous rash, fever combined with aching and sore throat, laryngospasm, and respiratory distress.

Autoimmune: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Cardiovascular: exacerbation of peripheral arterial disease, arterial insufficiency, usually of the Raynaud type.

Central Nervous System: Light-headedness, mental depression, insomnia, lassitude, weakness, fatigue, visual disturbances, hallucinations, vivid dreams, short-term memory loss, emotional lability, slightly clouded sensorium, paresthesia of hands.

Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, mesenteric arterial thrombosis, ischemic colitis.

Genitourinary: Male impotence; Peyronie’s disease.

Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, nonthrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocytopenic purpura.

Musculoskeletal: Myopathy, myotonia.

Skin and mucous membranes: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, dry eyes, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme, urticaria, alopecia, SLE-like reactions, and psoriasisiform rashes.

7.1 Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions

Impact of Propranolol on Other Drugs

Warfarin: Warfarin concentrations are increased when administered with propranolol. Monitor prothrombin time accordingly [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.7)].

Propafenone: Co-administration of propranolol increases the plasma concentrations of propafenone. Monitor patients for symptoms of excessive exposure to propafenone including bradycardia and postural hypotension [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.7)].

Impact of Other Drugs on Propranolol

CYP2D6, CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 Inhibitors: CYP2D6 inhibitors (e.g. bupropion, fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine), CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g., ciprofloxacin, enoxamine, fluvoxamine) and CYP2C19 inhibitors (e.g., fluconazole, fluvoxamine, ticlopidine) increase exposure to propranolol when co-administered with INNOPRAN XL. Monitor patients for bradycardia and hypotension [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.7)].

CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 Inducers: CYP1A2 inducers (e.g., phenytoin, montelukast, smoking) and CYP2C19 inducers (e.g. rifampin) decrease the plasma levels of propranolol resulting in a loss of efficacy [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.7)].

Cholestyramine and Colestipol: Co-administered cholestyramine or colestipol significantly reduces the plasma concentrations of co-administered propranolol which may result in loss of efficacy [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.7)].

7.2 Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions

Adrenergic Agonists: Beta-blockers may antagonize the antihypertensive effects of clonidine, and rebound hypertension may result if clonidine is withdrawn abruptly. If clonidine and a beta-blocker are co-administered, withdraw the beta-blocker several days before the withdrawal of clonidine.

Alpha Blockers: Co-administration of beta-blockers with alpha-blocker (e.g., prazosin) has been associated with prolongation of first dose hypotension and syncope.

Dobutamine: Propranolol may reduce sensitivity to dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients undergoing evaluation for myocardial ischemia.

Antidepressants: The hypotensive effect of MAO inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants may be exacerbated when administered with beta-blockers. Monitor patients for postural hypotension.

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may attenuate the antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents. Monitor blood pressure.

8.1 Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Prolonged experience with propranolol in pregnant women over several decades, based on published interventional and observational studies, has not identified a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal outcomes. Bradycardia, hypoglycemia, and respiratory depression have been observed with use of beta-blockers, including propranolol, in utero near the time of delivery. There are inconsistent reports of intrauterine growth restriction with beta-blocker use, including propranolol, during pregnancy. Untreated hypertension during pregnancy can lead to serious adverse outcomes for the mother and the fetus (see Clinical Considerations and Data).

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk

Hypertension in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, premature delivery, and delivery complications (e.g., need for cesarean section, and post-partum hemorrhage) Hypertension increases the fetal risk for intrauterine growth restriction and intrauterine death. Pregnant women with hypertension should be carefully monitored and managed accordingly.

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Propranolol crosses the placenta. Neonates born to mothers who are receiving propranolol during pregnancy, may be at risk for bradycardia, hypoglycemia, and respiratory depression. Monitor neonates exposed to propranolol during pregnancy and manage accordingly.

Data

Animal Data

In a series of reproductive and developmental toxicology studies, propranolol was given to rats by gavage or in the diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. At doses of 150 mg/kg/day, but not at doses of 80 mg/kg/day (equivalent to the maximum recommended human oral daily dose (MRHD) on a body surface area basis), treatment was associated with embryotoxicity (reduced litter size and increased resorption rates) as well as neonatal toxicity (deaths). Propranolol HCl was also administered (in the feed) to rabbits (throughout pregnancy and lactation) at doses as high as 150 mg/kg/day (about 5 times the MRHD). No evidence of embryo or neonatal toxicity was noted.

8.2 Lactation

Risk Summary

Propranolol is present in human milk at low levels, but the related risk to a breastfed infant is unknown. There are no data on the effects of propranolol on milk production.

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for INNOPRAN XL and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from INNOPRAN XL or from the underlying maternal condition.

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Infertility

Males

Based on the published literature, beta-blockers, including propranolol, may cause erectile dysfunction. In rats, propranolol inhibits spermatogenesis [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of propranolol in pediatric patients have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of INNOPRAN XL did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

8.6 Renal Impairment

The exposure to propranolol is increased in patients with renal impairment. Initiate INNOPRAN XL therapy in patients with impaired renal function at the lowest dose (80 mg) once daily and monitor patients for marked bradycardia and hypotension [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.6)].

8.7 Hepatic Impairment

The exposure to propranolol is increased in patients with hepatic impairment. Initiate INNOPRAN XL therapy in patients with impaired hepatic function at the lowest dose (80 mg) once daily and monitor patients for marked bradycardia and hypotension [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.6)].

12.1 Mechanism of Action

The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of propranolol has not been established. Among factors that contribute to the antihypertensive action are: (1) decreased cardiac output, (2) inhibition of renin release by the kidneys, and (3) diminution of tonic sympathetic nerve outflow from vasomotor centers in the brain. Although total peripheral resistance may increase initially, it readjusts to or below the pretreatment level with chronic use. Effects of propranolol on plasma volume appear to be minor and somewhat variable.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Propranolol is a nonselective, beta-adrenergic receptor-blocking agent possessing no other autonomic nervous system activity. It specifically competes with beta-adrenergic receptor-stimulating agents for available receptor sites. Of the 2 enantiomers of propranolol, the S-enantiomer blocks beta-adrenergic receptors. When access to beta-receptor sites is blocked by propranolol, chronotropic, inotropic, and vasodilator responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation are decreased proportionately. At dosages greater than required for beta-blockade, propranolol also exerts a quinidine-like or anesthetic-like membrane action, which affects the cardiac action potential. The significance of the membrane action in the treatment of arrhythmias is uncertain.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Propranolol is highly lipophilic and is almost completely absorbed after oral administration. However, it undergoes high first-pass metabolism by the liver, and, on average, only about 25% of propranolol reaches the systemic circulation.

A single-dose, food-effect study in 36 healthy subjects showed that a high fat meal administered with INNOPRAN XL at 10 p.m., increased the lag time from 3 to 5 hours and the time to reach the maximum concentration from 11.5 to 15.4 hours, with no effect on the AUC.

Following multiple-dose administration of INNOPRAN XL at 10 p.m. under fasting conditions, the steady state lag time was between 4 and 5 hours and propranolol peak plasma concentrations were reached approximately 12 to 14 hours after dosing. Propranolol trough levels were achieved 24 to 27 hours after dosing, and persisted for 3 to 5 hours after the next dose.

The plasma levels of propranolol showed dose-proportional increases after single and multiple administration of 80, 120, and 160 mg of INNOPRAN XL.

At steady state, the bioavailability of a 160 mg dose of INNOPRAN XL and propranolol hydrochloride long-acting capsules did not differ significantly.

Distribution: Approximately 90% of circulating propranolol is bound to plasma proteins (albumin and alpha1 acid glycoprotein). The binding is enantiomer-selective. The S-isomer is preferentially bound to alpha1 glycoprotein and the R-isomer preferentially bound to albumin. The volume of distribution of propranolol is approximately 4 liters.

Metabolism and Elimination: Propranolol is extensively metabolized with most metabolites appearing in the urine. Propranolol is metabolized through 3 primary routes: Aromatic hydroxylation (mainly 4-hydroxylation), N-dealkylation followed by further side-chain oxidation, and direct glucuronidation. It has been estimated that the percentage contributions of these routes to total metabolism are 42%, 41%, and 17%, respectively, but with considerable variability between individuals. The 4 major metabolites are propranolol glucuronide, naphthyloxylactic acid, and glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates of 4-hydroxy propranolol.

In vitro studies have indicated that the aromatic hydroxylation of propranolol is catalyzed mainly by polymorphic CYP2D6. Side-chain oxidation is mediated mainly by CYP1A2 and to some extent by CYP2D6. 4-hydroxy propranolol is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6.

Propranolol is also a substrate for CYP2C19 and a substrate for the intestinal efflux transporter, p-glycoprotein (p-gp). Studies suggest however that p-gp is not dose-limiting for intestinal absorption of propranolol in the usual therapeutic dose range.

In healthy subjects, no difference was observed between CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs) with respect to oral clearance or elimination half-life. Partial clearance to 4-hydroxy propranolol was significantly higher and to naphthyloxylactic acid was significantly lower in EMs than PMs.

In normal subjects receiving oral doses of racemic propranolol, S-enantiomer concentrations exceeded those of the R-enantiomer by 40 to 90% as a result of stereoselective hepatic metabolism.

The elimination half-life of propranolol was approximately 8 hours.

12.6 Specific Populations

Pediatric: The pharmacokinetics of INNOPRAN XL have not been investigated in patients younger than 18 years of age.

Geriatric: The pharmacokinetics of INNOPRAN XL have not been investigated in patients older than 65 years. In a study of 12 elderly (62 to 79 years old) and 12 young (25 to 33 years old) healthy subjects administered immediate-release propranolol, the clearance of the S-enantiomer of propranolol was decreased in the elderly. Additionally, the half-lives of both R- and S-propranolol were prolonged in the elderly compared with the young (11 hours versus 5 hours).

Gender: In a dose-proportionality study, the pharmacokinetics of INNOPRAN XL were evaluated in 22 male and 14 female healthy volunteers. Following single doses under fasting conditions, the mean AUC and Cmax were about 49% and 16% higher for females across the dosage range. The mean elimination half-life was longer in females than in males (11 hours versus 7.5 hours).

Race: A study conducted in 12 white and 13 African-American male subjects taking immediate-release propranolol showed, at steady state, the clearance of R- and S-propranolol were about 76% and 53% higher in African-Americans than in whites, respectively.

Renal Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of propranolol after administration of INNOPRAN XL have not been evaluated in patients with renal impairment. In a study conducted in 5 patients with chronic renal failure, 6 patients on regular dialysis, and 5 healthy subjects, who received a single oral dose of 40 mg of propranolol, the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of propranolol in the chronic renal failure group were 3- to 5-fold (161±41 ng/mL) those observed in the dialysis patients (47±9 ng/mL) and in the healthy subjects (26±1 ng/mL). Propranolol plasma clearance was also reduced in the patients with chronic renal failure.

Chronic renal failure has been associated with a decrease in drug metabolism via down regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 activity.

Propranolol is not significantly dialyzable.

Hepatic Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of propranolol after administration of INNOPRAN XL have not been evaluated in patients with hepatic impairment. However, propranolol is extensively metabolized by the liver. In a study conducted in 7 patients with cirrhosis and 9 healthy subjects receiving 80 mg oral propranolol every 8 hours for 7 doses, the steady-state unbound propranolol concentration in patients with cirrhosis was 3-fold that of controls. In cirrhosis, the half-life increased to 11 hours compared to 4 hours.

12.7 Drug-Drug Interactions

Impact of Propranolol on Other Drugs

The effect of propranolol on exposure to other drugs is shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Impact of propranolol on other drugs

Impact of Other Drugs on Propranolol

The effect of propranolol on exposure to other drugs is shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Impact of other drugs on exposure to propranolol

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenesis

In dietary administration studies in which mice and rats were treated with propranolol HCl for up to 18 months at doses of up to 150 mg/kg/day, there was no evidence of drug-related tumorigenesis. On a body surface area basis, this dose in the mouse and rat is, respectively, about equal to and about twice the MRHD of 640 mg propranolol HCl.

Mutagenesis

Based on differing results from Ames tests performed by different laboratories, a genotoxic effect of propranolol HCl is equivocal in bacteria (S. typhimurium strain TA 1538).

Impairment of Fertility

Propranolol effects on fertility are also equivocal. No effects on fertility were reported in a study with both male and female rats exposed to propranolol HCl in their diets at concentrations of up to 0.05% (about 50 mg/kg body weight and less than the MRHD), from 60 days prior to mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation for 2 generations. Another study in rats receiving oral propranolol (7.5 and 15 mg/kg for 60 days) reported decreased sperm motility, increased sperm abnormalities and decreased testosterone; all effects were fully reversible within 60 days of propranolol discontinuation. A separate study in male mice receiving oral propranolol (10 or 15 mg/kg body weight) in water once daily reported both doses impaired spermatogenesis and reduced sperm motility; fewer females became pregnant and pregnant females had fewer implantation sites and viable fetuses. In addition, when female rabbits were injected with 7 mg/kg propranolol at three-hour intervals (8 times daily is about twice the MHRD), sperm counts in the oviducts were reduced and fewer sperm attached to and penetrated the eggs.

14.1 Hypertension

In a double-blind, parallel dose-response study in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension (n=434), doses of INNOPRAN XL from 80 to 640 mg were taken once daily at approximately 10 p.m. INNOPRAN XL significantly lowered sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressure when measurements were taken approximately 16 hours later. The placebo-subtracted diastolic blood pressure effect for the 80- and 120-mg doses was -3.0 and -4.0 mm Hg, respectively. Higher doses of INNOPRAN XL (160, 640 mg) had no additional blood-pressure lowering effect when compared with 120 mg. The antihypertensive effects of INNOPRAN XL were seen in the elderly (≥65 years old) and men and women. There were too few non-white patients to assess the efficacy of INNOPRAN XL in these patients.