DOXYCYCLINE- doxycycline tablet, film coated
KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS
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DOXYCYCLINE TABLETS
Rx only
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of doxycycline tablets and other antibacterial drugs, doxycycline tablets should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.
DESCRIPTION
Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic synthetically derived from oxytetracycline. Doxycycline 100 mg tablets contain doxycycline monohydrate equivalent to 100 mg of doxycycline for oral administration. Inactive ingredients include anhydrous lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, talc, D&C yellow #10 aluminum lake, and FD&C yellow #6 aluminum lake. The chemical designation of the light-yellow crystalline powder is 4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide monohydrate.
Structural formula:
Doxycycline has a high degree of lipid solubility and a low affinity for calcium binding. It is highly stable in normal human serum. Doxycycline will not degrade into an epianhydro form.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Tetracyclines are readily absorbed and are bound to plasma proteins in varying degrees. They are concentrated by the liver in the bile and excreted in the urine and feces at high concentrations in a biologically active form. Doxycycline is virtually completely absorbed after oral administration.
Following a 200 mg dose of doxycycline monohydrate, 24 normal adult volunteers averaged the following serum concentration values:
| Time (hr): | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 12.0 | 24.0 | 48.0 | 72.0 |
| Conc. (mcg/mL) | 1.02 | 2.26 | 2.67 | 3.01 | 3.16 | 3.03 | 2.03 | 1.62 | 0.95 | 0.37 | 0.15 |
| Average Observed Values | |
|---|---|
| Maximum Concentration | 3.61 mcg/mL (± 0.9 sd) |
| Time of Maximum Concentration | 2.60 hr (± 1.10 sd) |
| Elimination Rate Constant | 0.049 per hr (± 0.030 sd) |
| Half-Life | 16.33 hr (± 4.53 sd) |
Excretion of doxycycline by the kidney is about 40%/72 hours in individuals with normal function (creatinine clearance about 75 mL/min). This percentage excretion may fall as low as 1-5%/72 hours in individuals with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance below 10 mL/min). Studies have shown no significant difference in serum half-life of doxycycline (range 18-22 hours) in individuals with normal and severely impaired renal function.
Hemodialysis does not alter serum half-life.
Microbiology
The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic and are thought to exert their antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis. The tetracyclines, including doxycycline, have a similar antimicrobial spectrum of activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Cross-resistance of these microorganisms to tetracyclines is common.
Doxycycline has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
Aerobic Gram-Positive Microorganisms
Because many strains of the following groups of gram-positive microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracyclines, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended.
|
| Bacillus anthracis |
| Listeria monocytogenes |
| Staphylococcus aureus * |
Up to 44 percent of strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 74 percent of Streptococcus faecalis have been found to be resistant to tetracycline drugs. Therefore, tetracyclines should not be used to treat streptococcal infections unless the microorganism has been demonstrated to be susceptible.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Aerobic Gram-Negative Microorganisms
| Bartonella bacilliformis | Haemophilus ducreyi |
| Brucella species | Haemophilus influenzae |
| Calymmatobacterium granulomatis | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| Campylobacter fetus | Vibrio cholerae |
| Francisella tularensis | Yersinia pestis |
Because many strains of the following groups of gram-negative microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracyclines, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended:
| Acinetobacter species | Klebsiella species |
| Enterobacter aerogenes | Shigella species |
| Escherichia coli |
Susceptibility Tests
Dilution Techniques
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's). These MIC's provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MIC's should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method 1,3 (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of tetracycline powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the following criteria for indicated aerobic microorganisms other than Haemophilus species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae:
| MIC (mcg/mL) | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| ≤ 4 | Susceptible (S) |
| 8 | Intermediate (I) |
| ≥ 16 | Resistant (R) |
| When testing Haemophilus spp. * | |
|---|---|
| MIC (mcg/mL) | Interpretation |
|
|
| ≤ 2 | Susceptible (S) |
| 4 | Intermediate (I) |
| ≥ 8 | Resistant (R) |
| When testing Neisseria gonorrhoeae* | |
|---|---|
| MIC (mcg/mL) | Interpretation |
|
|
| ≤ 0.25 | Susceptible (S) |
| 0.5 - 1 | Intermediate (I) |
| ≥ 2 | Resistant (R) |
| When testing Streptococcus pneumoniae* | |
|---|---|
| MIC (mcg/mL) | Interpretation |
|
|
| ≤ 2 | Susceptible (S) |
| 4 | Intermediate (I) |
| ≥ 8 | Resistant (R) |
A report of "Susceptible" indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of "Intermediate" indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of "Resistant" indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected.
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. Standard tetracycline powder should provide the following MIC values:
| Microorganism | MIC (mcg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|
|
||
| Enterococcus faecalis | ATCC 29212 | 8-32 |
| Escherichia coli | ATCC 25922 | 0.5-2 |
| Haemophilus influenzae* | ATCC 49247 | 4-32 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae† | ATCC 49226 | 0.25-1 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ATCC 27853 | 8-32 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 29213 | 0.12-1 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae‡ | ATCC 49619 | 0.12-0.5 |
Diffusion Techniques
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure 2,3 requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30-mcg tetracycline or 30-mcg doxycycline to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to doxycycline.
Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 30-mcg tetracycline-class disk or the 30-mcg doxycycline disk should be interpreted according to the following criteria for indicated aerobic microorganisms other than Haemophilus species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae:
| Zone Diameter (mm) | Interpretation | |
|---|---|---|
| tetracycline | doxycycline | |
| ≥ 19 | ≥ 16 | Susceptible (S) |
| 15-18 | 13-15 | Intermediate (I) |
| ≤ 14 | ≤ 12 | Resistant (R) |
| When testing Haemophilus spp. * | ||
|---|---|---|
| Zone Diameter (mm) | Interpretation | |
|
||
| tetracycline | ||
| ≥ 29 | Susceptible (S) | |
| 26-28 | Intermediate (I) | |
| ≤ 25 | Resistant (R) | |
| When testing Neisseria gonorrhoeae* | ||
|---|---|---|
| Zone Diameter (mm) | Interpretation | |
|
||
| tetracycline | ||
| ≥ 38 | Susceptible (S) | |
| 31-37 | Intermediate (I) | |
| ≤ 30 | Resistant (R) | |
Zone diameters ≤ 19 mm may indicate a plasmid-mediated tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (TRNG) isolate. These TRNG strains should be confirmed by the dilution test (MIC ≥ 16 mcg/mL).
| When testing Streptococcus pneumoniae* | ||
|---|---|---|
| Zone Diameter (mm) | Interpretation | |
|
||
| tetracycline | ||
| ≥ 23 | Susceptible (S) | |
| 19-22 | Intermediate (I) | |
| ≤ 18 | Resistant (R) | |
Interpretation should be as stated above for results using dilution techniques. Interpretation involves correlation of the diameter obtained in the disk test with the MIC for tetracycline or doxycycline, respectively.
As with standardized dilution techniques, diffusion methods require the use of laboratory control microorganisms that are used to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. For the diffusion technique, the 30-mcg tetracycline-class disk or the 30-mcg doxycycline disk should provide the following zone diameters in these laboratory test quality control strains:
| Microorganism | Zone Diameter (mm) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| tetracycline | Doxycycline | ||
| Escherichia coli | ATCC 25922 | 18-25 | 18-24 |
| Haemophilus influenzae* | ATCC 49247 | 14-22 | --- |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae† | ATCC 49226 | 30-42 | --- |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 25923 | 24-30 | 23-29 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae‡ | ATCC 49619 | 27-31 | --- |
Anaerobic Techniques
For anaerobic bacteria, the susceptibility to tetracycline as MIC's can be determined by standardized test methods. 4 The MIC values obtained should be interpreted according to the following criteria:
| MIC (mcg/mL) | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| ≤ 4 | Susceptible (S) |
| 8 | Intermediate (I) |
| ≥ 16 | Resistant (R) |
Interpretation is identical to that stated above for results using dilution techniques.
As with other susceptibility techniques, the use of laboratory control microorganisms is required to control the technical aspects of the laboratory standardized procedures. Standardized tetracycline powder should provide the following MIC values:
| Microorganism | MIC (mcg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|
|
||
| Bacteroides fragilis* | ATCC 25285 | 0.12-0.5 |
| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron* | ATCC 29741 | 8-32 |
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain effectiveness of doxycycline tablets and other antibacterial drugs, doxycycline tablets should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Doxycycline is indicated for the treatment of the following infections:
Rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox, and tick fevers caused by
Rickettsiae.
Respiratory tract infections caused by
Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis.
Psittacosis (ornithosis) caused by
Chlamydia psittaci.
Trachoma caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis, although the infectious agent is not always eliminated as judged by immunofluorescence.
Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis.
Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical or rectal infections in adults caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis.
Nongonococcal urethritis caused by
Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Relapsing fever due to
Borrelia recurrentis.
Doxycycline is also indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following gram-negative microorganisms:
Chancroid caused by
Haemophilus ducreyi.
Plague due to
Yersinia pestis (formerly
Pasteurella pestis).
Tularemia due to
Francisella tularensis (formerly
Pasteurella tularensis).
Cholera caused by
Vibrio cholerae (formerly
Vibrio comma).
Campylobacter fetus infections caused by
Campylobacter fetus (formerly
Vibrio fetus).
Brucellosis due to
Brucella species (in conjunction with streptomycin).
Bartonellosis due to
Bartonella bacilliformis.
Granuloma inguinale caused by
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
Because many strains of the following groups of microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to doxycycline, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended.
Doxycycline is indicated for treatment of infections caused by the following gram-negative microorganisms, when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug:
Escherichia coli
Enterobacter aerogenes (formerly
Aerobacter aerogenes)
Shigella species
Acinetobacter species (formerly
Mima species and
Herellea species)
Respiratory tract infections caused by
Haemophilus influenzae.
Respiratory tract and urinary tract infections caused by
Klebsiella species.
Doxycycline is indicated for treatment of infections caused by the following gram-positive microorganisms, when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug:
Upper respiratory infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (formerly Diplococcus pneumoniae).
Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis, including inhalational anthrax (post-exposure): to reduce the incidence or progression of disease following exposure to aerosolized Bacillus anthracis.
Doxycycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infections.
When penicillin is contraindicated, doxycycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of the following infections:
Uncomplicated gonorrhea caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Syphilis caused by
Treponema pallidum.
Yaws caused by
Treponema pertenue.
Listeriosis due to
Listeria monocytogenes.
Vincent's infection caused by
Fusobacterium fusiforme.
Actinomycosis caused by
Actinomyces israelii.
Infections caused by
Clostridium species.
In acute intestinal amebiasis, doxycycline may be a useful adjunct to amebicides.
In severe acne, doxycycline may be useful adjunctive therapy.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
This drug is contraindicated in persons who have shown hypersensitivity to any of the tetracyclines.
WARNINGS
THE USE OF DRUGS OF THE TETRACYCLINE CLASS DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT (LAST HALF OF PREGNANCY, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD TO THE AGE OF 8 YEARS) MAY CAUSE PERMANENT DISCOLORATION OF THE TEETH (YELLOW-GRAY-BROWN). This adverse reaction is more common during long-term use of the drugs but has been observed following repeated short-term courses. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported. TETRACYCLINE DRUGS, THEREFORE, SHOULD NOT BE USED IN THIS AGE GROUP, EXCEPT FOR ANTHRAX, INCLUDING INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX (POST-EXPOSURE), UNLESS OTHER DRUGS ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE EFFECTIVE OR ARE CONTRAINDICATED.
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including doxycycline tablets, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
All tetracyclines form a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue. A decrease in the fibula growth rate has been observed in prematures given oral tetracycline in doses of 25 mg/kg every six hours. This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued.
Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can have toxic effects on the developing fetus (often related to retardation of skeletal development). Evidence of embryo toxicity has been noted in animals treated early in pregnancy. If any tetracycline is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking these drugs, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
The antianabolic action of the tetracyclines may cause an increase in BUN. Studies to date indicate that this does not occur with the use of doxycycline in patients with impaired renal function.
Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking tetracyclines. Patients apt to be exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light should be advised that this reaction can occur with tetracycline drugs, and treatment should be discontinued at the first evidence of skin erythema.
PRECAUTIONS
General
As with other antibiotic preparations, use of this drug may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If superinfection occurs, the antibiotic should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
Bulging fontanels in infants and benign intracranial hypertension in adults have been reported in individuals receiving tetracyclines. These conditions disappeared when the drug was discontinued.
Incision and drainage or other surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with antibiotic therapy when indicated.
Prescribing doxycycline tablets in the absence of proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Information for Patients
All patients taking doxycycline should be advised:
-to avoid excessive sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light while receiving doxycycline and to discontinue therapy if phototoxicity (e.g., skin eruptions, etc.) occurs. Sunscreen or sunblock should be considered. (See WARNINGS.)
-to drink fluids liberally along with doxycycline to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration. (see ADVERSE REACTIONS.)
-that the absorption of tetracyclines is reduced when taken with foods, especially those which contain calcium. However, the absorption of doxycycline is not markedly influenced by simultaneous ingestion of food or milk. (See Drug Interactions.)
-that the absorption of tetracyclines is reduced when taking bismuth subsalicylate. (See Drug Interactions.)
-not to use outdated or poorly stored doxycycline.
-that the use of doxycycline might increase the incidence of vaginal candidiasis.
Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including doxycycline tablets should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When doxycycline tablets are prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by doxycycline tablets or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Laboratory Tests
In venereal disease when coexistent syphilis is suspected, a dark-field examination should be done before treatment is started and the blood serology repeated monthly for at least four months.
In long-term therapy, periodic laboratory evaluations of organ systems, including hematopoietic, renal, and hepatic studies should be performed.
Drug Interactions
Because tetracyclines have been shown to depress plasma prothrombin activity, patients who are on anticoagulant therapy may require downward adjustment of their anticoagulant dosage.
Since bacteriostatic drugs may interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin, it is advisable to avoid giving tetracyclines in conjunction with penicillin.
Absorption of tetracyclines is impaired by antacids containing aluminum, calcium, or magnesium, and iron-containing preparations.
Barbiturates, carbamazepine, and phenytoin decrease the half-life of doxycycline.
The concurrent use of tetracycline and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity.
Concurrent use of tetracycline may render oral contraceptives less effective.
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
False elevations of urinary catecholamine levels may occur due to interference with the fluorescence test.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term studies in animals to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of doxycycline have not been conducted. However, there has been evidence of oncogenic activity in rats in studies with related antibiotics, oxytetracycline (adrenal and pituitary tumors) and minocycline (thyroid tumors). Likewise, although mutagenicity studies of doxycycline have not been conducted, positive results in in vitro mammalian cell assays have been reported for related antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline). Doxycycline administered orally at dosage levels as high as 250 mg/kg/day had no apparent effect on the fertility of female rats. Effect on male fertility has not been studied.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category D
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies on the use of doxycycline in pregnant short-term, first trimester exposure. There are no human data available to assess the effects of long-term therapy of doxycycline in pregnant women such as that proposed for treatment of anthrax exposure. An expert review of published data on experiences with doxycycline use during pregnancy by TERIS- the Teratogen Information System – concluded that therapeutic doses during pregnancy are unlikely to pose a substantial teratogenic risk (the quantity and quality of data were assessed as limited to fair), but the data are insufficient to state that there is no risk 5.
A case-control study (18,515 mothers of infants with congenital anomalies and 32,804 mothers of infants with no congenital anomalies) shows a weak but marginally statistically significant association with total malformations and use of doxycycline anytime during pregnancy. (Sixty-three [0.19%] of the controls and 56 [0.30%] of the cases were treated with doxycycline.) This association was not seen when the analysis was confined to maternal treatment during the period of organogenesis (i.e., in the second and third months of gestation) with the exception of a marginal relationship with neural tube defect based on only two exposed cases 6.
A small prospective study of 81 pregnancies describes 43 pregnant women treated for 10 days with doxycycline during early first trimester. All mothers reported their exposed infants were normal at 1 year of age 7.
Nursing Mothers
Tetracyclines are excreted in human milk, however, the extent of absorption of tetracyclines, including doxycycline, by the breastfed infant is not known. Short-term use by lactating women is not necessarily contraindicated; however, the effects of prolonged exposure to doxycycline in breast milk are unknown 8. Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants from doxycycline, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. (See WARNINGS.)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Due to oral doxycycline's virtually complete absorption, side effects to the lower bowel, particularly diarrhea, have been infrequent. The following adverse reactions have been observed in patients receiving tetracyclines.
Gastrointestinal: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, glossitis, dysphagia, enterocolitis, and inflammatory lesions (with monilial overgrowth) in the anogenital region. These reactions have been caused by both the oral and parenteral administration of tetracyclines. Rare instances of esophagitis and esophageal ulcerations have been reported in patients receiving capsule and tablet forms of drugs in the tetracycline class. Most of these patients took medications immediately before going to bed. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.)
Skin: Maculopapular and erythematous rashes. Exfoliative dermatitis has been reported but is uncommon. Photosensitivity is discussed above. (See WARNINGS.)
Renal Toxicity: Rise in BUN has been reported and is apparently dose related. (See WARNINGS .)
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Urticaria, angioneurotic edema, anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid purpura, pericarditis, and exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Blood: Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and eosinophilia have been reported with tetracyclines.
Other: Bulging fontanels in infants and intracranial hypertension in adults. (See PRECAUTIONS – General .)
When given over prolonged periods, tetracyclines have been reported to produce brown-black microscopic discoloration of the thyroid gland. No abnormalities of thyroid function are known to occur.
OVERDOSAGE
In case of overdosage, discontinue medication, treat symptomatically and institute supportive measures. Dialysis does not alter serum half-life, and it would not be of benefit in treating cases of overdosage.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
THE USUAL DOSAGE AND FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION OF DOXYCYCLINE DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE OTHER TETRACYCLINES. EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED DOSAGE MAY RESULT IN AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS.
Adults
The usual dose of oral doxycycline is 200 mg on the first day of treatment (administered 100 mg every 12 hours or 50 mg every 6 hours) followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg/day. The maintenance dose may be administered as a single dose or as 50 mg every 12 hours. In the management of more severe infections (particularly chronic infections of the urinary tract), 100 mg every 12 hours is recommended.
For pediatric patients above eight years of age
The recommended dosage schedule for pediatric patients weighing 100 pounds or less is 2 mg/lb of body weight divided into two doses on the first day of treatment, followed by 1 mg/lb of body weight given as a single daily dose or divided into two doses, on subsequent days. For more severe infections up to 2 mg/lb of body weight may be used. For pediatric patients over 100 pounds the usual adult dose should be used.
Uncomplicated gonococcal infections in adults (except anorectal infections in men): 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for 7 days. As an alternate single visit dose, administer 300 mg stat followed in one hour by a second 300 mg dose.
Acute epididymo-orchitis caused by N. gonorrhoeae: 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 10 days.
Primary and secondary syphilis: 300 mg a day in divided doses for at least 10 days.
Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infection in adults caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 7 days.
Nongonococcal urethritis caused by C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum: 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 7 days.
Acute epididymo-orchitis caused by C. trachomatis: 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 10 days.
Inhalational anthrax (post-exposure):
ADULTS: 100 mg of doxycycline, by mouth, twice a day for 60 days.
CHILDREN: weighing less than 100 pounds (45 kg); 1 mg/lb (2.2 mg/kg) of body weight, by mouth, twice a day for 60 days. Children weighing 100 pounds or more should receive the adult dose.
When used in streptococcal infections, therapy should be continued for 10 days. Administration of adequate amounts of fluid along with capsule and tablet forms of drugs in the tetracycline class is recommended to wash down the drugs and reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS.) If gastric irritation occurs, doxycycline may be given with food. Ingestion of a high fat meal has been shown to delay the time to peak plasma concentrations by an average of one hour and 20 minutes. However, in the same study, food enhanced the average peak concentration by 7.5% and the area under the curve by 5.7%.
HOW SUPPLIED
Doxycycline Tablets 100 mg are yellow, film coated, caplets, debossed LCI on one face and 1338 on the other face. Each tablet contains doxycycline monohydrate equivalent to 100 mg of doxycycline.
They are supplied as follows:
Bottles of 20-NDC 0179-0129-20
Bottles of 14-NDC 0179-0129-14
Dispense in a tight light-resistant container with a child-resistant closure.
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F)[see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
PROTECT FROM LIGHT.
ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY AND ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY
Hyperpigmentation of the thyroid has been produced by members of the tetracycline class in the following species: in rats by oxytetracycline, doxycycline, tetracycline PO 4, and methacycline; in minipigs by doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline PO 4, and methacycline; in dogs by doxycycline and minocycline; in monkeys by minocycline.
Minocycline, tetracycline PO 4, methacycline, doxycycline, tetracycline base, oxytetracycline HCl and tetracycline HCl were goitrogenic in rats fed a low iodine diet. This goitrogenic effect was accompanied by high radioactive iodine uptake. Administration of minocycline also produced a large goiter with high radioiodine uptake in rats fed a relatively high iodine diet.
Treatment of various animal species with this class of drugs has also resulted in the induction of thyroid hyperplasia in the following: in rats and dogs (minocycline), in chickens (chlortetracycline) and in rats and mice (oxytetracycline). Adrenal gland hyperplasia has been observed in goats and rats treated with oxytetracycline.
REFERENCES
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically - Fifth Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M7-A5, Vol. 20, No. 2, NCCLS, Wayne, PA, January, 2000.
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests - Seventh Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M2-A7, Vol. 20, No. 1, NCCLS, Wayne, PA, January, 2000.
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing- Eleventh Informational Supplement. NCCLS Document M100-S11, Vol. 21, No. 1, NCCLS, Wayne, PA, January, 2001.
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria - Fourth Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M11-A4, Vol. 17, No. 22, NCCLS, Wayne, PA, December, 1997.
- Friedman JM and Polifka JE. Teratogenic Effects of Drugs. A Resource for Clinicians (TERIS). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000: 149-195.
- Cziezel AE and Rockenbauer M. Teratogenic study of doxycycline. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89:524-528.
- Horne HW Jr. and Kundsin RB. The role of mycoplasma among 81 consecutive pregnancies: a prospective study. Int J Fertil 1980; 25:315-317.
- Hale T. Medications and Mothers Milk. 9th edition. Amarillo, TX: Pharmasoft Publishing 2000; 225-226.
Manufactured by:
LANNETT COMPANY, INC.
Philadelphia, PA 19136
Revised: 04/08-A
Repackaged by:
KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS
Livermore, CA 94551
| DOXYCYCLINE
doxycycline tablet, film coated |
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| Labeler - KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS (053052619) |
| Establishment | |||
| Name | Address | ID/FEI | Business Operations |
|---|---|---|---|
| KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS | 053052619 | repack(0179-0129) | |