2.1 Individualization of Dosage

As with any opioid drug product, adjust the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient’s prior analgesic treatment experience. In the selection of the initial dose of oxycodone hydrochloride, give attention to the following:

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the total daily dose, potency and specific characteristics of the opioid the patient has been taking previously;

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the reliability of the relative potency estimate used to calculate the equivalent oxycodone hydrochloride dose needed;

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the patient’s degree of opioid tolerance;

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the general condition and medical status of the patient;

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concurrent medications;

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the type and severity of the patient’s pain;

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risk factors for abuse, addiction or diversion, including a prior history of abuse, addiction or diversion.

The following dosing recommendations, therefore, can only be considered as suggested approaches to what is actually a series of clinical decisions over time in the management of the pain of each individual patient.

Continual reevaluation of the patient receiving oxycodone hydrochloride is important, with special attention to the maintenance of pain management and the relative incidence of side effects associated with therapy. During chronic therapy, especially for non-cancer-related pain, periodically reassess the continued need for the use of opioid analgesics.

During periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration, frequent contact is recommended between physician, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family.

2.2 Initiation of Therapy

Start patients who have not been receiving opioid analgesics on Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution USP in a dosing range of 5 to 15 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed for pain.

Titrate the dose based upon the individual patient's response to their initial dose of Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution USP. Adjust the dose to an acceptable level of analgesia taking into account the improvement in pain intensity and the tolerability of the oxycodone by the patient.

2.3 Conversion to Oral Oxycodone Oral Solution

There is inter-patient variability in the potency of opioid drugs and opioid formulations. Therefore, a conservative approach is advised when determining the total daily dose of Oxycodone Hydrochloride. It is better to underestimate a patient’s 24-hour oral Oxycodone Hydrochloride dose and make available rescue medication than to overestimate the 24-hour oral Oxycodone Hydrochloride dose and manage an adverse experience of overdose.

2.3.1 Conversion from Fixed-Ratio Opioid/Acetaminophen, Opioid/Aspirin, or Opioid/Nonsteroidal Combination Drugs 

When converting patients from fixed ratio opioid/non-opioid drug regimens it may be necessary to titrate the dose of Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution USP in response to the level of analgesia and adverse effects.

2.3.2 Conversion from Non-Oxycodone Opioids

In converting patients from other opioids to oxycodone hydrochloride, close observation and adjustment of dosage based upon the patient’s response to oxycodone hydrochloride is imperative. Physicians and other healthcare professionals are advised to refer to published relative potency information, keeping in mind that conversion ratios are only approximate.

2.4 Conversion from Oral Oxycodone Hydrochloride to Controlled-Release Oral Oxycodone

The relative bioavailability of Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution USP compared to controlled-release oxycodone is unknown, so conversion to controlled-release tablets must be accompanied by close observation for signs of excessive sedation.

2.5 Maintenance of Therapy

Continual reevaluation of the patient receiving Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution USP is important, with special attention to the maintenance of pain management and the relative incidence of side effects associated with therapy. If the level of pain increases, effort should be made to identify the source of increased pain, while adjusting the dose as described above to decrease the level of pain.

During chronic therapy, especially for non-cancer-related pain (or pain associated with other terminal illnesses), the continued need for the use of opioid analgesics should be re-assessed as appropriate.

2.6 Cessation of Therapy

When a patient no longer requires therapy with Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution USP for the treatment of their pain, it is important that therapy be gradually discontinued over time to prevent the development of an opioid abstinence syndrome (narcotic withdrawal). In general, therapy can be decreased by 25% to 50% per day with careful monitoring for signs and symptoms of withdrawal [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3) section for description of the signs and symptoms of withdrawal]. If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, the dose should be raised to the previous level and titrated down more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both. It is not known at what dose of Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution USP that treatment may be discontinued without risk of the opioid abstinence syndrome.

2.7 Dosage in patients with Hepatic or Renal Impairment

Follow a conservative approach to dose initiation in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. Monitor patients closely and adjust dose based on clinical response.

5.1 Risk of Medication Errors

Use caution when prescribing, dispensing, and administering oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution to avoid dosing errors due to confusion between mg and mL, and other oxycodone solutions with different concentrations, which could result in accidental overdose and death. Use caution to ensure the dose is communicated clearly and dispensed accurately. Always use the enclosed calibrated measuring cup when administering oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution to ensure the dose is measured and administered accurately.

5.2 Respiratory Depression

Respiratory depression is the primary risk of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. Respiratory depression occurs most frequently in elderly or debilitated patients, and in those suffering from conditions accompanied by hypoxia, hypercapnia, or upper airway obstruction, in whom even moderate therapeutic doses may significantly decrease pulmonary ventilation, or following large initial doses in non-tolerant patients, or when opioids are given in conjunction with other agents that depress respiration.

Use oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution with extreme caution in patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and in patients having substantially decreased respiratory reserve (e.g., severe kyphoscoliosis), hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression. In such patients, even usual therapeutic doses of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may increase airway resistance and decrease respiratory drive to the point of apnea. Consider alternative non-opioid analgesics, and use oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution only under careful medical supervision at the lowest effective dose in such patients.

5.3 Misuse and Abuse of Opioids

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is a Schedule II controlled substance with an abuse liability similar to other opioids.

Such drugs are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders. Diversion of Schedule II products is an act subject to criminal penalty.

Patients should be assessed for their clinical risks for opioid abuse or addiction prior to being prescribed opioids.

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution can be abused in a manner similar to other opioid agonists, legal or illicit. This should be considered when prescribing or dispensing oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution in situations where the physician or pharmacist is concerned about an increased risk of misuse or abuse.

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may be abused by injecting the product. These practices pose a significant risk to the abuser that could result in overdose and death [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.2) and Overdosage (10)].

Concerns about abuse, addiction, and diversion should not prevent the proper management of pain. Healthcare professionals should contact their State Professional Licensing Board or State Controlled Substances Authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.

5.4 Interactions with Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may be expected to have additive effects when used in conjunction with alcohol, other opioids, or illicit drugs that cause central nervous system depression because respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma or death may result [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

5.5 Use in Head Injury and Increased Intracranial Pressure

In the presence of head injury, intracranial lesions or a preexisting increase in intracranial pressure, the possible respiratory depressant effects of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution and its potential to elevate cerebrospinal fluid pressure (resulting from vasodilation following CO2 retention) may be markedly exaggerated. Furthermore, oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution can produce effects on pupillary response and consciousness, which may obscure neurologic signs of further increases in intracranial pressure in patients with head injuries.

5.6 Hypotensive Effect

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may cause severe hypotension in an individual whose ability to maintain blood pressure has been compromised by a depleted blood volume, or after concurrent administration with drugs such as phenothiazines or general anesthetics or other agents which compromise vasomotor tone. Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may produce orthostatic hypotension in ambulatory patients. Administer oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution with caution in hypovolemic patients, such as those suffering acute myocardial infarction, because oxycodone may cause or further aggravate their hypotension. Administer oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution with caution to patients in circulatory shock, since vasodilatation produced by the drug may further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure.

5.7 Gastrointestinal Effects

Do not administer oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution to patients with gastrointestinal obstruction, especially paralytic ileus because oxycodone hydrochloride diminishes propulsive peristaltic waves in the gastrointestinal tract and may prolong the obstruction.

The administration of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course in patients with acute abdominal condition.

5.8 Use in Pancreatic/Biliary Tract Disease

Use oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution with caution in patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis, as oxycodone hydrochloride may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and diminish biliary and pancreatic secretions.

5.9 Special Risk Groups

Use oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution with caution and in reduced dosages in patients with severe renal or hepatic impairment, Addison’s disease, hypothyroidism, prostatic hypertrophy, or urethral stricture, and in elderly or debilitated patients [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].

Exercise caution in the administration of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution to patients with CNS depression, toxic psychosis, acute alcoholism and delirium tremens. All opioids may aggravate convulsions in patients with convulsive disorders, and all opioids may induce or aggravate seizures in some clinical settings.

Keep oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution out of the reach of children. In case of accidental ingestion, seek emergency medical help immediately.

5.10 Driving and Operating Machinery

Caution patients that oxycodone hydrochloride could impair the mental and/or physical abilities needed to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating machinery.

Caution patients about the potential combined effects of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution with other CNS depressants, including other opioids, phenothiazines, sedative/hypnotics and alcohol [see Drug Interactions (7)].

5.11 Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors and Inducers

Since the CYP3A4 isoenzyme plays a major role in the metabolism of oxycodone, drugs that alter CYP3A4 activity may cause changes in clearance of oxycodone which could lead to changes in oxycodone plasma concentrations. The expected clinical results with CYP3A4 inhibitors would be an increase in oxycodone plasma concentrations and possibly increased or prolonged opioid effects. The expected clinical results with CYP3A4 inducers would be a decrease in oxycodone plasma concentrations, lack of efficacy or, possibly, development of an abstinence syndrome in a patient who had developed physical dependence to oxycodone.

If co-administration is necessary, caution is advised when initiating oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution treatment in patients currently taking, or discontinuing, CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers. Evaluate these patients at frequent intervals and consider dose adjustments until stable drug effects are achieved [see Drug Interactions (7.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].  

5.12 Seizures

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may aggravate convulsions in patients with convulsive disorders, and all opioids may induce or aggravate seizures in some clinical settings.

7.1 CNS Depressants

Patients receiving narcotic analgesics, general anesthetics, phenothiazines, other tranquilizers, sedative-hypnotics or other CNS depressants (including alcohol) concomitantly with oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may exhibit an additive CNS depression. Interactive effects resulting in respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, or coma may result if these drugs are taken in combination with the usual dosage of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. When such combined therapy is contemplated, the dose of one or both agents should be reduced.

7.2 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

Oxycodone may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression.

7.3 Mixed Agonist/Antagonist Opioid Analgesics

Agonist/antagonist analgesics (i.e., pentazocine, nalbuphine, butorphanol and buprenorphine) should be administered with caution to patients who have received or are receiving a course of therapy with a pure opioid agonist analgesic such as oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. In this situation, mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution and/or may precipitate withdrawal symptoms in these patients.

7.4 Agents Affecting Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

CYP3A4 Inhibitors: A published study showed that the co-administration with voriconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, significantly increased the plasma concentrations of oxycodone. Inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by its inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), may prolong opioid effects. If co-administration is necessary, caution is advised when initiating therapy with, currently taking, or discontinuing CYP3A4 inhibitors. Evaluate these patients at frequent intervals and consider dose adjustments until stable drug effects are achieved [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

CYP3A4 Inducers: A published study showed that the co-administration of rifampin, a drug metabolizing enzyme inducer, significantly decreased plasma oxycodone concentrations. Induction of CYP3A4 activity by its inducers, such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, may lead to a lack of efficacy or, possibly, development of an abstinence syndrome in a patient who had developed physical dependence to oxycodone. If co-administration is necessary, caution is advised when initiating therapy with, currently taking, or discontinuing CYP3A4 inducers. Evaluate these patients at frequent intervals and consider dose adjustments until stable drug effects are achieved [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

CYP2D6 Inhibitors: Oxycodone is metabolized in part to oxymorphone via the Cytochrome P450 Isoenzyme CYP2D6. While this pathway may be blocked by a variety of drugs (e.g., certain cardiovascular drugs and antidepressants), such blockade has not yet been shown to be of clinical significance with this agent. However, clinicians should be aware of this possible interaction.

7.5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

MAOIs have been reported to intensify the effects of at least one opioid drug, causing anxiety, confusion and significant depression of respiration or coma. The use of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment.

7.6 Anticholinergics

Anticholinergics or other medications with anticholinergic activity, when used concurrently with opioid analgesics including oxycodone hydrochloride, may result in increased risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category B: There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of oxycodone use during pregnancy. Based on limited human data in the literature, oxycodone does not appear to increase the risk of congenital malformations. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, oxycodone should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Teratogenic Effects

Reproduction studies in Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand rabbits revealed that oxycodone administered orally at doses up to 16 mg/kg (approximately 2 times the daily oral dose of 90 mg for adults on a mg/m2 basis) and 25 mg/kg (approximately 5 times the daily oral dose of 90 mg on a mg/m2 basis), respectively was not teratogenic or embryo-fetal toxic.

Nonteratogenic Effects

Neonates whose mothers have taken oxycodone chronically may exhibit respiratory depression and/or withdrawal symptoms, either at birth and/or in the nursery.

8.2 Labor and Delivery

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is not recommended for use in women during or immediately prior to labor. Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates. Occasionally, opioid analgesics may prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce the strength, duration and frequency of uterine contractions. Neonates, whose mothers received opioid analgesics during labor, should be observed closely for signs of respiratory depression. A specific narcotic antagonist, naloxone, should be available for reversal of narcotic-induced respiratory depression in the neonate.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

Low levels of oxycodone have been detected in maternal milk. The amount of oxycodone hydrochloride delivered to the infant depends on the plasma concentration of the mother, the amount of milk ingested by the infant, and the extent of first-pass metabolism. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from oxycodone hydrochloride including respiratory depression, sedation and possibly withdrawal symptoms, upon cessation of oxycodone hydrochloride administration to the mother, decide whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and efficacy of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Elderly patients (aged 65 years or older) may have increased sensitivity to oxycodone hydrochloride. In general, use caution when selecting a dose for an elderly patient, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

8.6 Hepatic Impairment

Since oxycodone is extensively metabolized, its clearance may decrease in hepatic failure patients. Follow a conservative approach to dose initiation in patients with hepatic impairment, monitor patients closely and adjust the dose based on clinical response.

8.7 Renal Impairment

Information from oxycodone tablets indicate that patients with renal impairment (defined as a creatinine clearance <60 mL/min) had higher plasma concentrations of oxycodone than subjects with normal renal function. Use a conservative approach to dose initiation in patients with renal impairment, monitor patients closely and adjust the dose based on clinical response.

9.1 Controlled Substance

Oxycodone hydrochloride is a mu-agonist opioid of the morphine type and is a Schedule II controlled substance. Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution, like other opioids used in analgesia, can be abused and is subject to criminal diversion.

9.2 Abuse

Drug addiction is characterized by compulsive use, use for non-medical purposes, and continued use despite harm or risk of harm. Drug addiction is a treatable disease, utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, but relapse is common.

“Drug-seeking” behavior is very common in addicts and drug abusers. Drug-seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing or referral, repeated “loss” of prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating physician(s). “Doctor shopping” to obtain additional prescriptions is common among drug abusers and people suffering from untreated addiction.

The risks of misuse and abuse should be considered when prescribing or dispensing oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. Concerns about abuse and addiction, should not prevent the proper management of pain, however. Treatment of pain should be individualized, balancing the potential benefits and risks for each patient.

Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance. Physicians should be aware that addiction may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence. In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of true addiction and is characterized by misuse for nonmedical purposes, often in combination with other psychoactive substances. Careful recordkeeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests is strongly advised.

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is intended for oral use only. Abuse of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution poses a risk of overdose and death. The risk is increased with concurrent abuse of alcohol and other substances. Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.

Proper assessment of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic reevaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs.

Infants born to mothers physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may exhibit respiratory difficulties and withdrawal symptoms [See Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].  

9.3 Dependence

Tolerance to opioids is demonstrated by the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect such as analgesia (in the absence of disease progression or other external factors). If tolerance develops, or if pain severity increases, a gradual increase in dose may be required. The first sign of tolerance is usually a reduced duration of effect. Tolerance to different effects of opioids may develop to varying degrees and at varying rates in a given individual. There is also inter-patient variability in the rate and extent of tolerance that develops to various opioid effects, whether the effect is desirable (e.g., analgesia) or undesirable (e.g., nausea). Physical dependence is manifested by withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation of a drug or upon administration of an antagonist. Physical dependence and tolerance are frequent during chronic opioid therapy.

Patients using oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution chronically (for several weeks) should be instructed that they should contact their health care providers if they notice the need to increase dosing to treat symptoms of pain or they experience symptoms of withdrawal upon abrupt cessation of dosing.

The opioid abstinence or withdrawal syndrome is characterized by some or all of the following: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, and mydriasis. Other symptoms also may develop, including irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate.

In general, taper opioids rather than abruptly discontinue [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)].

10.1 Signs and Symptoms

 Acute overdose with oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution can be manifested by respiratory depression (a decrease in respiratory rate and/or end tidal volume, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, cyanosis), extreme somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, bradycardia, hypotension, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and death.

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may cause miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origin may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations [see Clinical Pharmacology (12)].

10.2 Treatment

Give primary attention to the reestablishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation. Supportive measures including oxygen and vasopressors should be employed in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema accompanying overdose as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias may require cardiac massage or defibrillation.

The pure opioid antagonists, naloxone or nalmefene, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. Since the duration of reversal is expected to be less than the duration of action of oxycodone hydrochloride, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably reestablished. If the response to opioid antagonists is suboptimal or only brief in nature, administer additional antagonist as directed by the manufacturer of the product.

Do not administer opioid antagonists in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to oxycodone overdose. Administer such agents cautiously to persons who are known, or suspected to be physically dependent on oxycodone. In such cases, an abrupt or complete reversal of opioid effects may precipitate an acute abstinence syndrome.

In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of the usual dose of the antagonist will precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome. The severity of the withdrawal symptoms experienced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. Reserve use of an opioid antagonist for cases where such treatment is clearly needed. If it is necessary to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, initiate administration of the antagonist with care and titrate with smaller than usual doses.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Oxycodone, as the hydrochloride salt, is a full opioid agonist whose principal therapeutic action is analgesia.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Effects on Central Nervous System: Specific CNS opioid receptors for endogenous compounds with opioid-like activity have been identified throughout the brain and spinal cord and play a role in the analgesic effects of this drug. A significant feature of opioid-induced analgesia is that it occurs without loss of consciousness. The relief of pain by morphine-like opioids is relatively selective, in that other sensory modalities (e.g., touch, vibrations, vision, hearing, etc.) are not obtunded.

Oxycodone produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves both a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to increases in carbon dioxide tension and to electrical stimulation.

Oxycodone depresses the cough reflex by direct effect on the cough center in the medulla. Antitussive effects may occur with doses lower than those usually required for analgesia. Oxycodone causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to hypoxia in overdose situations.

Effects on Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle: Oxycodone, like other opioid analgesics, produces some degree of nausea and vomiting which is caused by direct stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) located in the medulla. The frequency and severity of emesis gradually diminishes with time.

Oxycodone may cause a decrease in the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach that reduces motility while increasing the tone of the antrum, stomach, and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.

Cardiovascular System: Oxycodone, in therapeutic doses, produces peripheral vasodilatation (arteriolar and venous), decreased peripheral resistance, and inhibits baroreceptor reflexes. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilatation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.

Endocrine System: Opioid agonists have been shown to have a variety of effects on the secretion of hormones. Opioids inhibit the secretion of ACTH, cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans. They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon in humans and other species, rats and dogs. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) has been shown to be both inhibited and stimulated by opioids.

Immune System: Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system in in vitro and animal models. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

The activity of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is primarily due to the parent drug oxycodone.

Absorption: The oral bioavailability of oxycodone is 60 to 87%. This high oral bioavailability (compared to other oral opioids) is due to lower pre-systemic and/or first-pass metabolism of oxycodone.

Food Effect: Presence of food may slightly delay the rate (Cmax and Tmax) and enhance the extent of absorption (AUC) of oxycodone from oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. Overall, food is not expected to have a clinically significant impact on the absorption of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution.

Distribution: Following intravenous administration, the volume of distribution (Vss) for oxycodone was 2.6 L/kg. Plasma protein binding of oxycodone at 37°C and a pH of 7.4 was about 45%. Oxycodone has been found in breast milk [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].

Metabolism: Oxycodone hydrochloride is extensively metabolized to noroxycodone, oxymorphone, noroxymorphone, which are subsequently glucuronidated. CYP3A4 mediated N-demethylation to noroxycodone is the primary metabolic pathway of oxycodone with a less contribution from CYP2D6 mediated O-demethylation to oxymorphone. Therefore, the formation of these and related metabolites can, in theory, be affected by other drugs. The major circulating metabolite is noroxycodone with an AUC ratio of 0.6 relative to that of oxycodone. Noroxycodone is reported to be a considerably weaker analgesic than oxycodone. Oxymorphone, although possessing analgesic activity, is present in the plasma only in low concentrations. The correlation between oxymorphone concentrations and opioid effects was much less than that seen with oxycodone plasma concentrations. The analgesic activity profile of other metabolites is not known.

Excretion: Oxycodone and its metabolites are excreted primarily via the kidney. The amounts measured in the urine have been reported as follows: free oxycodone up to 19%; conjugated oxycodone up to 50%; free oxymorphone 0%; conjugated oxymorphone ≤ 14%; both free and conjugated noroxycodone have been found in the urine but not quantified. The total plasma clearance was 0.8 L/min for adults. Apparent elimination half-life of oxycodone following the administration of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution was approximately 3.5 hours.

Special Populations: Geriatric: Information obtained from oxycodone tablets indicate that the plasma concentrations of oxycodone did not appear to be increased in patients over of the age of 65.

Gender

Information obtained from oxycodone tablets support the lack of gender effect on the pharmacokinetics of oxycodone.

Hepatic Impairment: Since oxycodone is extensively metabolized, its clearance may be decreased in hepatic failure patients [see Use in Special Populations (8.6)].

Renal Impairment: Information obtained from oxycodone tablets indicate that patients with renal impairment (defined as creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min) had higher plasma concentrations of oxycodone than subjects with normal renal function [see Use in Special Populations (8.7)].

Drug-Drug Interactions: CYP3A4 Inhibitors: CYP3A4 is the major enzyme involved in noroxycodone formation. A published study showed that the co-administration of voriconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased oxycodone AUC and Cmax by 3.6 and 1.7 fold, respectively.

CYP3A4 Inducers: A published study showed that the co-administration of rifampin, a drug metabolizing enzyme inducer, decreased oxycodone AUC and Cmax values by 86% and 63%, respectively.

CYP2D6 Inhibitors: Oxycodone is metabolized in part to oxymorphone via the cytochrome p450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. While this pathway may be blocked by a variety of drugs (e.g., certain cardiovascular drugs and antidepressants), such blockade has not yet been shown to be of clinical significance with this agent.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenesis: Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of oxycodone have not been conducted.

Mutagenesis: Oxycodone hydrochloride was genotoxic in an in vitro mouse lymphoma assay in the presence of metabolic activation. There was no evidence of genotoxic potential in an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli) or in an assay for chromosomal aberrations (in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay).

Impairment of Fertility: The potential effects of oxycodone on male and female fertility have not been evaluated.

16.1 How Supplied 

Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution USP, 5 mg/5 mL is available as follows:

NDC 0054-0523-41: 15 mL bottle

NDC 0054-0523-63: 500 mL bottle

16.2 Storage and Handling

All opioids, including Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution, are liable to diversion and misuse both by the general public and healthcare workers and should be handled accordingly.

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP/NF.

Keep in secured area and protect from diversion.

Store at controlled room temperature 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Read the Medication Guide that comes with Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution USP before you start taking it and each time you get a new prescription. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or your treatment.

What Is The Most Important Information I Should Know About Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution?

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution can cause serious side effects, including death.

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Take oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. If you take the wrong dose or strength of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution, you could overdose and die.

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It is especially important when you take oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution that you know exactly what dose and strength to take, and the right way to measure your medicine. Your healthcare provider or pharmacist should show you the right way to measure your medicine.

 

Always use the dosing cup provided with oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution to help make sure you measure the right amount.

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Do not drink alcohol. Using alcohol with oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may increase your risk of dangerous side effects, including death.

What is Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution?

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is in a group of drugs called narcotic pain medicine. Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is only for adults who have moderate to severe pain.

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A prescription medicine that is used to manage moderate to severe pain that is expected to last a short period of time (acute), and pain that continues around-the-clock and is expected to last for a long period of time (chronic).

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Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is a federally controlled substance (CII) because it is a strong opioid pain medicine that can be abused by people who abuse prescription medicines or street drugs.

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Prevent theft, misuse or abuse. Keep oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution in a safe place to keep it from being stolen. Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution can be a target for people who misuse or abuse prescription medicines or street drugs.

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Never give oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them or even cause death.

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Selling or giving away this medicine is against the law.

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It is not known if oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is safe and effective in children under age 18 years of age.

Who Should Not Take Oxycodone Hydrochloride Oral Solution?

Do not take oxycodone if you:

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are having breathing problems and there is no emergency medical equipment nearby

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have a bowel blockage called paralytic ileus

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are having an asthma attack or have severe asthma, trouble breathing, or lung problems

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are allergic to oxycodone or any of the ingredients in oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients in oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution

What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution?

Before taking oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution, tell your healthcare provider if you:

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have trouble breathing or lung problems

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have had a head injury

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have liver or kidney problems

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have adrenal gland problems, such as Addison’s disease

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have severe scoliosis that affects your breathing

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have thyroid problems

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have problems urinating or enlargement of your prostate

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have or had convulsions or seizures

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have a past or present drinking problem or alcoholism

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have hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not really there) or other severe mental problems

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have constipation or other bowel problems

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have problems with your pancreas or gallbladder

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have past or present substance abuse or drug addiction

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have any other medical conditions

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are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution will harm your unborn baby. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.

 

If you take oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution regularly before your baby is born, your newborn baby may have signs of withdrawal because their body has become used to the medicine. Signs of withdrawal in a newborn baby can include:

If you are taking oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution right before your baby is born, your baby could have breathing problems.

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are breast-feeding or plan to breastfeed. Some oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution passes into your breast milk. A nursing baby could become very sleepy or have difficulty breathing or feeding well. If you stop breastfeeding, your baby may have withdrawal symptoms. See the list of withdrawal symptoms above. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will take oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution or breastfeed.

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Sometimes the doses of medicines that you take with oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may need to be changed if used together. Be especially careful about taking other medicines that make you sleepy such as:

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sleeping pills

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other pain medicines

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anti-nausea medicines

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tranquilizers

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muscle relaxants

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anti-anxiety medicines

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antihistamines

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antidepressants

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monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): Do not take oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution if you already take an MAOI or within 14 days after you stop taking an MAOI medicine

Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if your medicine is one listed above.

Do not take other medicines while using oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution until you have talked with your healthcare provider or pharmacist. They will tell you if it is safe to take other medicines with oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution.

Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

How Should I Take Oxycodone?

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See “What is the most important information I should know about oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution?” 

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Take oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution exactly as prescribed. Do not change your dose unless your healthcare provider tells you to. Your healthcare provider may change your dose after seeing how the medicine affects you. Call your healthcare provider if your pain is not well controlled with your prescribed dose of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. 

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Make sure you understand exactly how to measure your dose. Always use the dosing cup provided with our oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution to help make sure you measure the right amount. See the Patient Instructions for Use at the end of this Medication Guide for information about how to measure your dose the right way. Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you are not sure what dose of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution you should take or if you are not sure how to use the dosing cup. 

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Do not stop taking oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution suddenly. If you have been taking oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution for more than a few weeks, stopping it suddenly can make you sick with withdrawal symptoms (for example, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anxiety, and shivering). If your healthcare provider decides you no longer need oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution, ask how to slowly reduce this medicine. Do not stop taking oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution without talking to your healthcare provider.

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If you miss a dose, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at one time unless your healthcare provider tells you to.

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If you take too much oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution call your healthcare provider or your local Poison Control Center right away or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.

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Talk with your healthcare provider regularly about your pain to see if you still need to take oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution.

What Should I Avoid While Taking Oxycodone?

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You should not drink alcohol while using oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. Drinking alcohol with oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may increase your risk of having dangerous side effects or death.

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 Do not drive, operate heavy machinery, or do other dangerous activities,  especially when you start taking oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution and when your dose is changed, until you know how oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution affects you. Oxycodone can make you sleepy. Ask your healthcare provider to tell you when it is okay to do these activities.

What are the Possible Side Effects of Oxycodone?

Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution can cause serious side effects, including:

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See “What is the most important information I should know about oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution?”

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Oxycodone can cause serious breathing problems that can become life-threatening, especially if oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is used the wrong way. Call your healthcare provider or get help right away if: 

 

o your breathing slows down

 

o you have shallow breathing (little chest movement with breathing)

 

o you feel faint, dizzy, confused, or

 

o you have any other unusual symptoms

 

These can be symptoms that you have taken too much oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution (overdose) or the dose is too high for you. These symptoms may lead to serious problems or death if not treated right away.

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Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution can cause your blood pressure to drop. This can make you feel dizzy if you get up too fast from sitting or lying down. Low blood pressure is also more likely to happen if you take other medicines that can also lower your blood pressure. Severe low blood pressure can happen if you lose blood or take certain other medicines.

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Oxycodone can cause physical dependence. Do not stop taking oxycodone or any other opioid without talking to your healthcare provider about how to slowly stop your medicine. You could become sick with uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms because your body has become used to these medicines. Physical dependence is not the same as drug addiction. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any of these symptoms of withdrawal while slowly stopping oxycodone:

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There is a chance of abuse or addiction with oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. The chance is higher if you are or have been addicted to or abused other medicines, street drugs, or alcohol, or if you have a history of mental problems.

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Seizures: Oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may cause seizures or make seizures that you already have worse.

Call your healthcare provider if you have any of the symptoms listed above.

Common side effects of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution include:

Constipation (not often enough or hard bowel movements) is a very common side effect of pain medicines (opioids) including oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. Talk to your healthcare provider about dietary changes, and the use of laxatives (medicines to treat constipation) and stool softeners to prevent or treat constipation while taking oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution.

Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.

These are not all the possible side effects of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

How should I store oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution?

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Store oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution at 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

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Protect oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution from moisture and light.

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When oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution is no longer needed, the unused solution should be destroyed by flushing down the toilet.

Keep oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution out of the reach of children. Accidental overdose by a child is a medical emergency and can lead to death.

General information about oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution for a condition for which it was not prescribed.

Do not give your oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. Selling or giving away oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution may harm others, may cause death, and is against the law.

This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution that is written for healthcare professionals.

For more information about oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution, contact Roxane Laboratories, Inc. at 1-800-962-8364.

What are the ingredients in oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution?

Active ingredient: oxycodone hydrochloride

Inactive ingredients: anhydrous citric acid, disodium edetate, FD&C Red No. 40, sodium benzoate, sorbitol, sucralose, and water.

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Roxane Laboratories, Inc.

Columbus, Ohio 43216

10009069/01 Revised April 2013

© RLI, 2013