ACETAMINOPHEN, CAFFEINE AND DIHYDROCODEINE BITARTRATE- acetaminophen, caffeine and dihydrocodeine bitartrate tablet 
Larken Laboratories Inc.

----------

Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets C-III
Larken Labotatories
Rx Only

WARNING: SERIOUS AND LIFE THREATENING RISKS FROM USE OF ACETAMINOPHEN, CAFFEINE, AND DIHYDROCODEINE BITARTRATE TABLETS.

Addiction, Abuse and Misuse
Because the use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets exposes patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death, assess each patient’s risk prior to prescribing, and reassess all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors and conditions  [see Warnings] .

Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, especially during initiation or following a dose increase. To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are essential  [see Warnings] .

Accidental Ingestion
Accidental ingestion of even one dose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, especially by children, can result in a fatal overdose of Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate  [see Warnings] .

Risks From Concomitant Use With Benzodiazepines Or Other CNS Depressants
Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate [see Warnings, Precautions; Drug Interactions] .

Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS)
Prolonged use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [ Warnings] .

Opioid Analgesic Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS):
Healthcare providers are strongly encouraged to complete a REMS-compliant education program and to counsel patients and caregivers on serious risks, safe use, and the importance of reading the Medication Guide with each prescription [ Warnings] .

Ultra-Rapid Metabolism of Codeine and Other Risk Factors for Life-threatening Respiratory Depression in Children
Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received codeine. Most of the reported cases occurred following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, and many of the children had evidence of being an ultra-rapid metabolizer of codeine due to CYP2D6 polymorphism [ Warnings and Precautions] .

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are contraindicated in children younger than twelve years of age and in children younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy [ Contraindications] . Avoid the use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in adolescents 12 to 18 years of age who have other risk factors that may increase their sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of codeine.

Interactions with Drugs Affecting Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes
The effects of concomitant use or discontinuation of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers, 3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with codeine are complex. Use of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers, 3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets requires careful consideration of the effects on the parent drug, codeine, and the active metabolite, morphine [ Warnings and Precautions] .

Hepatotoxicity
Acetaminophen has been associated with cases of acute liver failure, at times resulting in liver transplant and death. Most of the cases of liver injury are associated with the use of acetaminophen at doses that exceed 4,000 milligrams per day, and often involve more than one acetaminophen-containing product.

DESCRIPTION

Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are supplied in tablet form for oral administration.
Each tablet contains:
Acetaminophen .................... 325 mg
Caffeine ................................ 30 mg
Dihydrocodeine bitartrate ........ 16 mg

Acetaminophen (4'-hydroxyacetanilide), a slightly bitter, white, odorless, crystalline powder, is a non-opiate, non-salicylate analgesic and antipyretic. It has the following structural formula:

Acetaminophen-Chemical structure

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), a bitter, white crystalline powder or white glistening needles, is a central nervous system stimulant. It has the following structural formula:

Caffeine - Chemical Structure

Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate (4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6α-ol (+)-tartrate), an odorless, fine white powder is an opioid analgesic. It has the following structural formula:

Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate - Chemical Structure

In addition, each tablet also contains the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, pregelatinized starch, stearic acid.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets contain dihydrocodeine which is a semi-synthetic narcotic analgesic related to codeine, with multiple actions qualitatively similar to those of codeine; the most prominent of these involve the central nervous system and organs with smooth muscle components. The principal action of therapeutic value is analgesia.

This combination product also contains acetaminophen, a non-opiate, non-salicylate analgesic and antipyretic. This combination product contains caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant. Caffeine is also a central nervous system and cardiovascular stimulant.

Effects on the Endocrine System
Use of opioids for an extended period of time may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to hormonal changes that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date  [see Adverse Reactions].

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.

Limitations of Use
Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, with opioids, which can occur at any dosage or duration [see Warnings] , reserve Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics)

  • Have not been tolerated, or are not expected to be tolerated
  • Have not provided adequate analgesia, or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets should not be used for an extended period of time unless the pain remains severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatment options continue to be inadequate.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are contraindicated for:

  • All children younger than 12 years of age [see Warnings and Precautions]
  • Post-operative management in children younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy [see Warnings and [ Precautions] .

Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are also contraindicated in patients with:

  • Significant respiratory depression [see Warnings]
  • Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment [see Warnings]
  • Patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus [see Warnings]
  • Patients with hypersensitivity to codeine, acetaminophen, or any of the formulation excipients. (e.g., anaphylaxis) [see Warnings]

WARNINGS

Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets contains dihydrocodeine bitartrate, a Schedule III controlled substance. As an opioid, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Drug Abuse and Dependence] .

Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. Addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if the drug is misused or abused.

Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, and monitor all patients receiving Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets for the development of these behaviors or conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse. Consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose [see Warnings, Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression; Dosage and Administration, Patient Access to Naloxone for the Emergency Treatment of Opioid Overdose] .

Opioids are sought for nonmedical use and are subject to diversion from legitimate prescribed use. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the
drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on careful storage of the drug during the course of treatment and proper disposal of unused drug. Contact local state professional licensing board or state controlled state-controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.

Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient’s clinical status [see Overdosage] . Carbon dioxide (CO 2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.

While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dosage increase.

To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are essential [see Dosage and Administration] . Overestimating the Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage when converting patients from another opioid product can result in a fatal overdose with the first dose.

Accidental ingestion of even one dose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to an overdose of dihydrocodeine bitartrate.

Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize respiratory depression and emphasize the importance of calling 911 or getting emergency medical help right away in the event of a known or suspected overdose [see Precautions, Information for Patients/Caregivers] .

Opioids can cause sleep-related breathing disorders including central sleep apnea (CSA) and sleep-related hypoxemia. Opioid use increases the risk of CSA in a dose-dependent fashion. In patients who present with CSA, consider decreasing the opioid dosage using best practices for opioid taper [see Dosage and Administration] .

Patient Access to Naloxone for the Emergency Treatment of Opioid Overdose
Discuss the availability of naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose with the patient and caregiver and assess the potential need for access to naloxone, both when initiating and renewing treatment with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. Inform patients and caregivers about the various ways to obtain naloxone as permitted by individual state naloxone dispensing and prescribing requirements or guidelines (e.g., by prescription, directly from a pharmacist, or as part of a community-based program). Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize respiratory depression and emphasize the importance of calling 911 or getting emergency medical help, even if naloxone is administered [see Precautions, Information for Patients/Caregivers] .

Consider prescribing naloxone, based on the patient’s risk factors for overdose, such as concomitant use of other CNS depressants, a history of opioid use disorder, or prior opioid overdose. The presence of risk factors for overdose should not prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient. Also consider prescribing naloxone if the patient has household members (including children) or other close contacts at risk for accidental ingestion or overdose. If naloxone is prescribed, educate patients and caregivers on how to treat with naloxone [see Warnings, Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse, Risks from Concomitant Use with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants; Precautions, Information for Patients/Caregivers] .

Risks from Concomitant Use with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants
Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result from the concomitant use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with benzodiazepines and/or other CNS depressants, including alcohol (e.g., non-benzodiazepine sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol). Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.

Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioid analgesics alone. Because of similar pharmacological properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with the concomitant use of other CNS depressant drugs with opioid analgesics [see Precautions; Drug Interactions] .

If the decision is made to prescribe a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant concomitantly with an opioid analgesic, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use. In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant than indicated in the absence of an opioid, and titrate based on clinical response. If an opioid analgesic is initiated in a patient already taking a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid analgesic, and titrate based on clinical response. Inform patients and caregivers of this potential interaction, educate them on the signs and symptoms of respiratory depression (including sedation). If concomitant use is warranted, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose [see Warnings, Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression; Dosage and Administration, Patient Access to Naloxone for the Emergency Treatment of Opioid Overdose] .

Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation when Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol and illicit drugs). Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant have been determined. Screen patients for risk of substance use disorders, including opioid abuse and misuse, and warn them of the risk for overdose and death associated with the use of additional CNS depressants including alcohol and illicit drugs [see Precautions; Drug Interactionsand Precautions; Information for Patients] .

Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets for an extended period of time during pregnancy can result in withdrawal in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly. Advise pregnant women using opioids for an extended period of time of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [see Precautions; Information for Patients, Pregnancy] .

Opioid Analgesic Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS)
To ensure that the benefits of opioid analgesics outweigh the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for these products. Under the requirements of the REMS, drug companies with approved opioid analgesic products must make REMS-compliant education programs available to healthcare providers. Healthcare providers are strongly encouraged to do all of the following:

  • Complete a REMS-compliant education programoffered by an accredited provider of continuing education (CE) or another education program that includes all the elements of the FDA Education Blueprint for Health Care Providers Involved in the Management or Support of Patients with Pain.
  • Discuss the safe use, serious risks, and proper storage and disposal of opioid analgesics with patients and/or their caregivers every time these medicines are prescribed. The Patient Counseling Guide (PCG) can be obtained at this link: www.fda.gov/OpioidAnalgesicREMSPCG.
  • Emphasize to patients and their caregivers the importance of reading the Medication Guide that they will receive from their pharmacist every time an opioid analgesic is dispensed to them.
  • Consider using other tools to improve patient, household, and community safety, such as patient-prescriber agreements that reinforce patient-prescriber responsibilities.

To obtain further information on the opioid analgesic REMS and for a list of accredited REMS CME/CE, call 800-503-0784, or log on to www.opioidanalgesicrems.com. The FDA Blueprint can be found at www.fda.gov/OpioidAnalgesicREMSBlueprint.

Ultra-Rapid Metabolism of Codeine and Other Risk Factors for Life-threatening Respiratory Depression in Children
Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received codeine. Codeine is subject to variability in metabolism based upon CYP2D6 genotype (described below), which can lead to an increased exposure to the active metabolite morphine. Based upon post-marketing reports, children less than 12 years old appear to be more susceptible to the respiratory depressant effects of codeine, particularly if there are risk factors for respiratory depression. For example, many reported cases of death occurred in the post-operative period following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, and many of the children had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine. Furthermore, children with obstructive sleep apnea who are treated with codeine for post-tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy pain may be particularly sensitive to its respiratory depressant effect. Because of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression and death:

  • Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are contraindicated for all children younger than 12 years of age [ Contraindications] .
  • Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are contraindicated for post-operative management in pediatric patients younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy [ Contraindications] .
  • Avoid the use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in adolescents 12 to 18 years of age who have other risk factors that may increase their sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of codeine unless the benefits outweigh the risks. Risk factors include conditions associated with hypoventilation, such as postoperative status, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, severe pulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, and concomitant use of other medications that cause respiratory depression.
  • As with adults, when prescribing codeine for adolescents, healthcare providers should choose the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time and inform patients and caregivers about these risks and the signs of morphine overdose [ Overdosage] .

Nursing Mothers
At least one death was reported in a nursing infant who was exposed to high levels of morphine in breast milk because the mother was an ultra-rapid metabolizer of codeine. Breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets Precautions; Nursing Mothers] .

CYP2D6 Genetic Variability: Ultra-rapid metabolizer
Some individuals may be ultra-rapid metabolizers because of a specific CYP2D6 genotype (e.g., gene duplications denoted as *1/*1xN or *1/*2xN). The prevalence of this CYP2D6 phenotype varies widely and has been estimated at 1 to 10% for Whites (European, North American), 3 to 4% for Blacks (African Americans), 1 to 2% for East Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Korean), and may be greater than 10% in certain ethnic groups (i.e., Oceanian, Northern African, Middle Eastern, Ashkenazi Jews, Puerto Rican).

These individuals convert codeine into its active metabolite, morphine, more rapidly and completely than other people. This rapid conversion results in higher than expected serum morphine levels. Even at labeled dosage regimens, individuals who are ultra-rapid metabolizers may have life-threatening or fatal respiratory depression or experience signs of overdose (such as extreme sleepiness, confusion, or shallow breathing) [see Overdosage] . Therefore, individuals who are ultra-rapid metabolizers should not use codeine.

Interactions with Drugs Affecting Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes
The effects of concomitant use or discontinuation of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers, 3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with codeine are complex. Use of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers, 3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets requires careful consideration of the effects on the parent drug, codeine, and the active metabolite, morphine.

  • Cytochrome P450 3A4 Interaction The concomitant use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) or discontinuation of a cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, may result in an increase in codeine plasma concentrations with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome P450 2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression.

    The concomitant use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers or discontinuation of a cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor may result in lower codeine levels, greater norcodeine levels, and less metabolism via 2D6 with resultant lower morphine levels. This may be associated with a decrease in efficacy, and in some patients, may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal.

    Evaluate patients receiving Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets and any CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal when Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are used in conjunction with inhibitors and inducers of CYP3A4.

    If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inhibitor is necessary or if a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider dosage reduction of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets until stable drug effects are achieved. Evaluate patients at frequent intervals for respiratory depression and sedation.

    If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inducer is necessary or if a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Assess for signs of opioid withdrawal [see Precautions; Drug Interactions] .
  • Risks of Concomitant Use or Discontinuation of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Inhibitors The concomitant use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with all cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitors (e.g., amiodarone, quinidine) may result in an increase in codeine plasma concentrations and a decrease in active metabolite morphine plasma concentration which could result in an analgesic efficacy reduction or symptoms of opioid withdrawal.

    Discontinuation of a concomitantly used cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor may result in a decrease in codeine plasma concentration and an increase in active metabolite morphine plasma concentration which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. Evaluate patients receiving Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets and any CYP2D6 inhibitor for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal when Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are used in conjunction with inhibitors of CYP2D6.

    If concomitant use with a CYP2D6 inhibitor is necessary, assess the patient for signs of reduced efficacy or opioid withdrawal and consider increasing the Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage. After stopping use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor, consider reducing the Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage and evaluate the patient at frequent intervals for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression or sedation [see Precautions; Drug Interactions] .

Hepatotoxicity
Acetaminophen has been associated with cases of acute liver failure, at times resulting in liver transplant and death. Most of the cases of liver injury are associated with the use of acetaminophen at doses that exceed 4,000 milligrams per day, and often involve more than one acetaminophen-containing product. The excessive intake of acetaminophen may be intentional to cause self-harm or unintentional as patients attempt to obtain more pain relief or unknowingly take other acetaminophen-containing products.

The risk of acute liver failure is higher in individuals with underlying liver disease and in individuals who ingest alcohol while taking acetaminophen.

Instruct patients to look for acetaminophen or APAP on package labels and not to use more than one product that contains acetaminophen. Instruct patients to seek medical attention immediately upon ingestion of more than 4,000 milligrams of acetaminophen per day, even if they feel well.

Opioid Induced Hyperplasia and Allodynia
Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia (OIH) occurs when an opioid analgesic paradoxically causes an increase in pain, or an increase in sensitivity to pain. This condition differs from tolerance, which is the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect [see Dependence] . Symptoms of OIH include (but may not be limited to) increased levels of pain upon opioid dosage increase, decreased levels of pain upon opioid dosage decrease, or pain from ordinarily non-painful stimuli (allodynia). These symptoms may suggest OIH only if there is no evidence of underlying disease progression, opioid tolerance, opioid withdrawal, or addictive behavior.

Cases of OIH have been reported, both with short-term and longer-term use of opioid analgesics. Though the mechanism of OIH is not fully understood, multiple biochemical pathways have been implicated. Medical literature suggests a strong biologic plausibility between opioid analgesics and OIH and allodynia. If a patient is suspected to be experiencing OIH, carefully consider appropriately decreasing the dose of the current opioid analgesic, or opioid rotation (safely switching the patient to a different opioid moiety) [see Dosage and Administration, Warnings] .

Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients
The use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment is contraindicated.

Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease:Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets treated patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and those with a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive including apnea, even at recommended dosages of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets [see Warnings] .

Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients:Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients [see WARNINGS, Life Threatening Respiratory Depression] .

Regularly evaluate patients, particularly when initiating and titrating Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets and when Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration [see WARNINGS] . Alternatively, consider the use of non-opioid analgesics in these patients.

Adrenal Insufficiency
Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than 1 month of use. Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible. If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids. Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers. Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency. The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.

Serious Skin Reactions
Rarely, acetaminophen may cause serious skin reactions such as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal. Patients should be informed about the signs of serious skin reactions, and use of the drug should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash or any other sign of hypersensitivity.

Usage in Ambulatory Patients
Dihydrocodeine may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery.

Head Injury
This combination product should be used cautiously in the presence of head injury or increased intracranial pressure. The effects of opioids on pupillary response and consciousness may obscure neurologic signs of increases in intracranial pressure in patients with head injuries. The respiratory depressant effects including carbon dioxide retention and secondary elevation of cerebrospinal fluid pressure may be markedly exaggerated in the presence of head injury, intracranial lesions, or other causes of increased intracranial pressures.

Hypersensitivity/Anaphylaxis
There have been post-marketing reports of hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis associated with the use of acetaminophen. Clinical signs included swelling of the face, mouth, and throat, respiratory distress, urticaria, rash, pruritus, and vomiting. There were infrequent reports of life-threatening anaphylaxis requiring emergency medical attention. Instruct patients to discontinue Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets immediately and seek medical care if they experience these symptoms. Do not prescribe Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets for patients with acetaminophen allergy.

Hypotensive Effect
Dihydrocodeine, like all opioid analgesics, may cause hypotension in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has been compromised by a depleted blood volume or who receive concurrent therapy with drugs such as phenothiazines or other agents which compromise vasomotor tone. Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets may produce orthostatic hypotension in ambulatory patients. This combination product should be administered with caution to patients in circulatory shock, since vasodilation produced by the drug may further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure. Regularly evaluate these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titratinq the dosage of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets.

Drug Dependence
Dihydrocodeine can produce drug dependence of the codeine type and has the potential of being abused [see Drug Abuse and Dependence] .

Withdrawal
Do not abruptly discontinue Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in a patient physically dependent on opioids. When discontinuing Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in a physically dependent patient, gradually taper the dosage. Rapid tapering of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in a patient physically dependent on opioids may lead to a withdrawal syndrome and return of pain [see Dosage and Administration, Drug Abuse and Dependence] .

Additionally, avoid the use of mixed agonist/antagonist (e.g., pentazocine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol) or partial agonist (e.g., buprenorphine) analgesics in patients who are receiving a full opioid agonist analgesic, including Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. In these patients, mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms [see Drug Interactions] .

PRECAUTIONS

General

Selection of patients for treatment with Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets should be governed by the same principles that apply to the use of similar opioid/non-opioid fixed combination analgesics. As with any such opioid analgesic, the dosing regimen should be adjusted for each patient [see Dosage and Administration] . This combination product should be used with caution in elderly or debilitated patients or those with any of the following conditions: acute alcoholism; adrenocortical insufficiency (e.g., Addison's disease); asthma; central nervous system depression or coma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; decreased respiratory reserve (including emphysema, severe obesity, cor pulmonale, or kyphoscoliosis); delirium tremens; head injury; hypotension; increased intracranial pressure; myxedema or hypothyroidism; prostatic hypertrophy or urethral stricture; and toxic psychosis. The benefits and risks of using opioids in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors and in those with a history of drug abuse should be carefully considered. The administration of an analgesic containing an opioid may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course in patients with acute abdominal conditions. This combination product may aggravate convulsions in patients with convulsive disorders and, like all opioids, may induce or aggravate seizures in some clinical settings.

Acetaminophen is relatively non-toxic at therapeutic doses, but should be used with caution in patients with severe renal or hepatic disease. Care should be observed when using large doses of acetaminophen in malnourished patients or those with a history of chronic alcohol abuse because they may be more susceptible to hepatic damage similar to that observed with toxic overdosage. Caffeine in high doses may produce central nervous system and cardiovascular stimulation and gastrointestinal irritation.

Information for Patients/Caregivers

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).

Storage and Disposal
Because of the risks associated with accidental ingestion, misuse, and abuse, advise patients to store Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets securely, out of sight and reach of children, and in a location not accessible by others, including visitors to the home [see Warnings, Drug Abuse and Dependence] . Inform patients that leaving Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets unsecured can pose a deadly risk to others in the home.

Advise patients and caregivers that when medicines are no longer needed, they should be disposed of promptly. Inform patients that medicine take-back options are the preferred way to safely dispose of most types of unneeded medicines. If no take back programs or DEA-registered collectors are available, instruct patients to dispose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets by following these four steps:

  • Mix Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets (do not crush) with an unpalatable substance such as dirt, cat litter, or used coffee grounds;
  • Place the mixture in a container such as a sealed plastic bag;
  • Throw the container in the household trash;
  • Delete all personal information on the prescription label of the empty bottle.

Inform patients that they can visit www.fda.gov/drugdisposal for additional information on disposal of unused medicines.

Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
Inform patients that the use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death [see Warnings] . Instruct patients not to share Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with others and to take steps to protect Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets from theft or misuse.

Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets or when the dosage is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended dosages.

Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize respiratory depression and emphasize the importance of calling 911 or getting emergency medical help right away in the event of a known or suspected overdose [see Warnings, Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression] .

Accidental Ingestion
Inform patients that accidental ingestion, especially by children, may result in respiratory depression or death [see Warnings] .

Interactions with Benzodiazepines and Other CNS Depressants
Inform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, and not to use such drugs unless supervised by a health care provider [see Warningsand Precautions; Drug Interactions] .

Patient Access to Naloxone for the Emergency Treatment of Opioid Overdose
Discuss with the patient and caregiver the availability of naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose, both when initiating and renewing treatment with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. Inform patients and caregivers about the various ways to obtain naloxone as permitted by individual state naloxone dispensing and prescribing requirements or guidelines (e.g., by prescription, directly from a pharmacist, or as part of a community-based program) [see Warnings, Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression; Dosage and Administration] .

Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize the signs and symptoms of an overdose.
Explain to patients and caregivers that naloxone’s effects are temporary, and that they must call 911 or get emergency medical help right away in all cases of known or suspected opioid overdose, even if naloxone is administered [see Overdosage] .
If naloxone is prescribed, also advise patients and caregivers:

  • How to treat with naloxone in the event of an opioid overdose
  • To tell family and friends about their naloxone and to keep it in a place where family and friends can access it in an emergency
  • To read the Patient Information (or other educational material) that will come with their naloxone. Emphasize the importance of doing this before an opioid emergency happens, so the patient and caregiver will know what to do.

Ultra-Rapid Metabolism of Codeine and Other Risk Factors for Life-threatening Respiratory Depression in Children
Advise patients that Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are contraindicated in all children younger than 12 years of age and in children younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Advise caregivers of children ages 12 to 18 years of age receiving Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets to monitor for signs of respiratory depression [see Warnings] .

Hyperalgesia and Allodynia
Inform patients and caregivers not to increase opioid dosage without first consulting a clinician. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms of hyperalgesia, including worsening pain, increased sensitivity to pain, or new pain [see Warnings; Adverse Reactions] .

Serotonin Syndrome
Inform patients that Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs. Warn patients of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop.

Instruct patients to inform their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medications [see Precautions; Drug Interactions] .

Important Administration Instructions
Instruct patients how to properly take Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets [see Dosage and Administration] .

  • Advise patients not to adjust the dose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets without consulting a physician or other healthcare professional.

Important Discontinuation Instructions

In order to avoid developing withdrawal symptoms, instruct patients not to discontinue Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets without first discussing a tapering plan with the prescriber [see Dosage and Administration] .

Adrenal Insufficiency
Inform patients that Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets could cause adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life threatening condition. Adrenal insufficiency may present with non-specific symptoms and signs such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience a constellation of these symptoms [see Warnings] .

Pregnancy
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Inform female patients of reproductive potential that use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets for an extended period of time during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated [see Warnings, Precautions; Pregnancy] .

Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
Inform female patients of reproductive potential that Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets can cause fetal harm and to inform the prescriber of a known or suspected pregnancy [see Precautions; Pregnancy] .

Lactation
Advise women that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets [see Precautions; Nursing Mothers] .

Patients receiving Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets should be given the following information:

  1. Do not take Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets if you are allergic to any of its ingredients. If you develop signs of allergy such as a rash or difficulty breathing stop taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets and contact your healthcare provider immediately.
  2. Do not take more than 4000 milligrams of acetaminophen per day. Call your doctor if you took more than the recommended dose.
  3. Patients should be advised that Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets may impair the mental or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery.
  4. Patients should be advised to report adverse experiences occurring during therapy.
  5. Patients should be advised not to adjust the dose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets without consulting the prescribing professional.
  6. Patients should be advised that Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are a potential drug of abuse. They should protect it from theft, and it should never be given to anyone other than the individual for whom it was prescribed.
  7. Advise patients that some people have a genetic variation that results in dihydrocodeine changing into dihydromorphine more rapidly and completely than other people. Most people are unaware of whether they are an ultra-rapid dihydrocodeine metabolizer or not. These higher-than-normal levels of dihydromorphine in the blood may lead to life-threatening or fatal respiratory depression or signs of overdose such as extreme sleepiness, confusion, or shallow breathing. Children with this genetic variation who were prescribed codeine after tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy for obstructive sleep apnea may be at greatest risk based on reports of several deaths in this population due to respiratory depression. Dihydrocodeine-containing products are contraindicated in all children who undergo tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy.

Advise caregivers of children receiving dihydrocodeine-containing products for other reasons to monitor for signs of respiratory depression.

Drug Interactions

CYP2D6 Inhibitors
Dihydrocodeine in Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are metabolized by CYP2D6 to form dihydromorphine . The concomitant use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets and CYP2D6 inhibitors (e.g., paroxetine, fluoxetine, bupropion, quinidine) can increase the plasma concentration of dihydrocodeine, but can decrease the plasma concentration of active metabolite dihydromorphine which could result in reduced analgesic efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets is achieved.

After stopping a CYP2D6 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the dihydrocodeine plasma concentration will decrease but the active metabolite dihydromorphine plasma concentration will increase, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression.

If concomitant use with a CYP2D6 inhibitor is necessary or if a CYP2D6 inhibitor is discontinued after concomitant use, consider dosage adjustment of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets and evaluate patients closely at frequent intervals.

If concomitant use with CYP2D6 inhibitors is necessary, assess the patient for reduced efficacy or signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal and consider increasing the Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets as needed.

After stopping use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor, consider reducing the Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets and evaluate the patient at frequent intervals for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression or sedation.

CYP3A4 Inhibitors
The concomitant use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with CYP3A4 inhibitors such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g. ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), may result in an increase in dihydrocodeine plasma concentration with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome CYP2D6, resulting in greater dihydromorphine levels, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets is achieved.

After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, it may result in lower dihydrocodeine plasma levels, greater dihydronorcodeine levels, and less metabolism via 2D6 with resultant lower dihydromorphine levels, resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to dihydrocodeine.

If concomitant use with CYP3A4 inhibitor is necessary, consider dosage reduction of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets until stable drug effects are achieved. Evaluate patients at frequent intervals for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.

If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Assess for signs of opioid withdrawal.

CYP3A4 Inducers
The concomitant use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets and CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin), can result in lower dihydrocodeine levels, greater dihydronorcodeine levels, and less metabolism via 2D6 with resultant lower dihyromorphine levels, resulting in decreased efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to dihydrocodeine.

After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the dihydrocodeine plasma concentration may increase with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome CYP2D6, resulting in greater dihyromorphine levels, which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression.

If concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducer is necessary, assess the patient for reduced efficacy and signs of opioid withdrawal and consider increasing the Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage as needed.

If a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage reduction and evaluate patients at frequent intervals for signs of respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.

Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants
Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, such as benzodiazepines, and other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, and tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics and other opioids, including alcohol can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death.

Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Inform patients and caregivers of this potential interaction, educate them on the signs and symptoms of respiratory depression (including sedation). Follow patients closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is warranted, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose  [see Warnings] .

Serotonergic Drugs
The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), triptans, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, drugs that effect the serotonin neurotransmitter system (e.g., mirtazapine, trazodone, tramadol), certain muscle relaxants (i.e., cyclobenzaprine, metaxalone, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors used to treat psychiatric disorders and also others, such as linezolid and intravenous methylene blue) have resulted in serotonin syndrome [see Precautions; Information for Patients/Caregivers] .

If concomitant use is warranted, frequently evaluate the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets immediately if serotonin syndrome is suspected.

Dihydrocodeine with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Dihydrocodeine, like all opioid analgesics, interacts with monoamine oxidase inhibitors causing central nervous system excitation and hypertension.

Dihydrocodeine with Mixed Agonist/Antagonist Opioid Analgesics
Agonist/antagonist analgesics (i.e., pentazocine, nalbuphine, butorphanol and buprenorphine) may reduce the analgesic effect of this combination product.

Acetaminophen Drug Interactions
Chronic and excessive consumption of alcohol may increase the hepatotoxic risk of acetaminophen. The potential for hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen also may be increased in patients receiving anticonvulsants that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes (including phenytoin, barbiturates, and carbamazepine) or isoniazide. Chronic ingestion of large doses of acetaminophen may slightly potentiate the effects of warfarin-and indandione-derivative anticoagulants. Severe hypothermia is possible in patients receiving acetaminophen concomitantly with phenothiazines.

Caffeine Drug Interactions
Caffeine may enhance the cardiac inotropic effects of beta-adrenergic stimulating agents. Co-administration of caffeine and disulfiram may lead to a substantial decrease in caffeine clearance. Caffeine may increase the metabolism of other drugs such as phenobarbital and aspirin. Caffeine accumulation may occur when products or foods containing caffeine are consumed concomitantly with quinolones such as ciprofloxacin.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Infertility
Use of opioids for an extended period of time may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Adverse Reactions] .

Pregnancy:

Teratogenic Effects – Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. It is also not known whether this combination product can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women or can affect reproduction capacity in males and females. This combination product should be given to pregnant women only if clearly needed, especially during the first trimester.

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Use of opioid analgesics for an extended period of time during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly [see Warnings] .

Labor and Delivery

Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates. An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate. Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are not recommended for use in pregnant women during or immediately prior to labor, when other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Opioid analgesics, including Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, can prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilation, which tends to shorten labor. Monitor neonates exposed to opioid analgesics during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression.

Nursing Mothers

Dihydrocodeine bitartrate and its active metabolite, morphine, are present in human milk. There are published studies and cases that have reported excessive sedation, respiratory depression, and death in infants exposed to codeine via breast milk. Women who are ultra-rapid metabolizers of dihydrocodeine achieve higher than expected serum levels of morphine, potentially leading to higher levels of morphine in breast milk that can be dangerous in their breastfed infants. In women with normal dihydrocodeine metabolism (normal CYP2D6 activity), the amount of dihydrocodeine secreted into human milk is low and dose-dependent.

There is no information on the effects of the dihydrocodeine on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including excess sedation, respiratory depression, and death in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets [see Warnings] .

Clinical Considerations
If infants are exposed to Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets through breast milk, they should be monitored for excess sedation and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of an opioid analgesic is stopped, or when breast-feeding is stopped.

Acetaminophen and caffeine are also excreted in breast milk in small amounts. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from this combination product, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in pediatric patients have not been established.

Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received codeine [see Warnings] . In most of the reported cases, these events followed tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, and many of the children had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine (i.e., multiple copies of the gene for cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 2D6 or high morphine concentrations). Children with sleep apnea may be particularly sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of codeine.

Because of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression and death:

  • Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are contraindicated for all children younger than 12 years of age [see Contraindications] .
  • Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are contraindicated for post-operative management in pediatric patients younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy [see Contraindications] .
  • Avoid the use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in adolescents 12 to 18 years of age who have other risk factors that may increase their sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of codeine unless the benefits outweigh the risks. Risk factors include conditions associated with hypoventilation, such as postoperative status, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, severe pulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, and concomitant use of other medications that cause respiratory depression [see Warnings] .

Geriatric Use

Elderly patients (aged 65 years or older) may have increased sensitivity to Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. In general, use caution when selecting a dosage for an elderly patient, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, and has occurred after large initial doses were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration. Titrate the dosage of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets slowly in geriatric patients and frequently reevaluate the patient for signs of central nervous system and central nervous system depression [see Warnings] .

Hepatic Impairment

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets should be given with caution to patients with hepatic insufficiency. Since dihydrocodeine is metabolized by the liver and since acetaminophen potentially causes hepatotoxicity, the effects of this combination product should be monitored closely in such patients.

Renal Impairment

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets should be used with caution and at reduced dosage in the presence of impaired renal function.

Pancreatic/Biliary Tract Disease

Opioids may cause spasms of the sphincter of Oddi and should be used with caution in patients with biliary tract disease including pancreatitis.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Dihydrocodeine:
The most frequently observed adverse reactions include lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, fatigue, sedation, sweating, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pruritus, and skin reactions. With the exception of constipation, tolerance develops to most of these effects. Other reactions that have been observed with dihydrocodeine or other opioids include respiratory depression, orthostatic hypotension, cough suppression, confusion, diarrhea, miosis, abdominal pain, dry mouth, indigestion, anorexia, spasm of biliary tract, and urinary retention. Physical and psychological dependence are possibilities. Hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylactoid reactions), hallucinations, vivid dreams, granulomatous interstitial nephritis, severe narcosis and acute renal failure have been reported rarely during dihydrocodeine administration.

Acetaminophen:
Acetaminophen in therapeutic doses rarely causes adverse reactions. The most serious adverse reaction is Hepatotoxicity from overdosage [see Overdosage] . Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, and agranulocytosis have been reported in patients receiving acetaminophen or p-aminophenol derivatives. Hypersensitivity reactions including urticarial or erythematous skin reactions, laryngeal edema, angioedema, or anaphylactoid reactions are rare.

Caffeine:
Adverse reactions associated with caffeine use include anxiety, anxiety neurosis, excitement, headaches, insomnia, irritability, lightheadedness, restlessness, tenseness, tremor, extrasystoles, palpitations, tachycardia, diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, diuresis, urticaria, scintillating scotoma, and tinnitus.

Postmarketing Experience:

  • Serotonin syndrome:Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs.
  • Adrenal insufficiency:Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use.
  • Anaphylaxis:Anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets.
  • Androgen deficiency:Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with chronic use of opioids [see Clinical Pharmacology] .
  • Hyperalgesia and Allodynia:Cases of hyperalgesia and allodynia have been reported with opioid therapy of any duration [see Warnings] .
  • Hypoglycemia:Cases of hypoglycemia have been reported in patients taking opioids. Most reports were in patients with at least one predisposing risk factor (e.g., diabetes)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Larken Laboratories, Inc. at 1-601-855-7678 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/MedWatch

DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

Controlled Substance
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets contains dihydrocodeine bitartrate, a Schedule III controlled substance.

Abuse
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets contains dihydrocodeine, a substance with high potential for misuse and abuse, which can lead to the development of substance use disorder, including addiction [see Warnings] .

Misuse is the intentional use, for therapeutic purposes, of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a healthcare provider or for whom it was not prescribed.

Abuse is the intentional, non-therapeutic use of a drug, even once, for its desirable psychological or physiological effects.

Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence.

Misuse and abuse of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets increases risk of overdose, which may lead to central nervous system and respiratory depression, hypotension, seizures, and death. The risk is increased with concurrent abuse of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with alcohol and other CNS depressants. Abuse of and addiction to opioids in some individuals may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence. In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of addiction.

All patients treated with opioids require careful and frequent reevaluation for signs of misuse, abuse, and addiction, because use of opioid analgesic products carries the risk of addiction even under appropriate medical use. Patients at high risk of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets abuse include those with a history of prolonged use of any opioid, including products containing dihydrocodeine, those with a history of drug or alcohol abuse, or those who use Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in combination with other abused drugs.

"Drug-seeking" behavior is very common in persons with substance use disorders. Drug-seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing, or referral, repeated "loss" of prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions, and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating healthcare provider(s). "Doctor shopping" (visiting multiple prescribers to obtain additional prescriptions) is common among people who abuse drugs and people with substance use disorder. Preoccupation with achieving adequate pain relief can be appropriate behavior in a patient with inadequate pain control.

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, like other opioids, can be diverted for nonmedical use into illicit channels of distribution. Careful record-keeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests, as required by state and federal law, is strongly advised.

Proper assessment of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic reevaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs.

Risks Specific to Abuse of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets
Abuse of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets poses a risk of overdose and death. The risk is increased with concurrent use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with alcohol and/or other CNS depressants.

Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.

Dependence

Both tolerance and physical dependence can develop during use of opioid therapy.

Tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose).

Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of a physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug.

Withdrawal may be precipitated through the administration of drugs with opioid antagonist activity (e.g., naloxone), mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (e.g., pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine), or partial agonists (e.g., buprenorphine). Physical dependence may not occur to a clinically significant degree until after several days to weeks of continued use.

Do not abruptly discontinue Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in a patient physically dependent on opioids. Rapid tapering of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in a patient physically dependent on opioids may lead to serious withdrawal symptoms, uncontrolled pain, and suicide. Rapid discontinuation has also been associated with attempts to find other sources of opioid analgesics, which may be confused with drug-seeking for abuse.

When discontinuing Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, gradually taper the dosage using a patient-specific plan that considers the following: the dose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets the patient has been taking, the duration of treatment, and the physical and psychological attributes of the patient. To improve the likelihood of a successful taper and minimize withdrawal symptoms, it is important that the opioid tapering schedule is agreed upon by the patient. In patients taking opioids for an extended period of time at high doses, ensure that a multimodal approach to pain management, including mental health support (if needed), is in place prior to initiating an opioid analgesic taper [see Dosage and Administration and Warnings] .

Infants born to mothers physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may exhibit respiratory difficulties and withdrawal signs [see Pregnancy] .

OVERDOSAGE

Following an acute overdosage with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, toxicity may result from the dihydrocodeine or the acetaminophen. Toxicity due to the caffeine is less likely, due to the relatively small amounts in this formulation.

Clinical Presentation
Acute overdose with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death. Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations.

Signs and Symptoms
Toxicity from dihydrocodeine poisoning includes the opioid triad of: pinpoint pupils, respiratory depression, and loss of consciousness. Convulsions, cardiovascular collapse, and death may occur. A single case of acute rhabdomyolysis associated with an overdose of dihydrocodeine has been reported. In acetaminophen overdosage: dose-dependent potentially fatal hepatic necrosis is the most serious adverse effect. Renal tubular necrosis, hypoglycemic coma, and coagulation defects may also occur. Early symptoms following a potentially hepatotoxic overdose may include: nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and general malaise. Clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatic toxicity may not be apparent until 48 to 72 hours post-ingestion. Acute caffeine poisoning may cause insomnia, restlessness, tremor, delirium, tachycardia, and extrasystoles.

Because overdose information on this combination product is limited, it is unclear which of the signs and symptoms of toxicity would manifest in any particular overdose situation.

Treatment of Overdose
A single or multiple drug overdose with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets is a potentially lethal polydrug overdose, and consultation with a regional poison control center is recommended.

In case of overdose, priorities are the reestablishment of a patent and protected airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation, if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen and vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life-support measures.

The opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. For clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to opioid overdose, administer an opioid antagonist.

Because the duration of opioid reversal is expected to be less than the duration of action of dihydrocodeine bitartrate in Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably re-established. If the response to an opioid antagonist is suboptimal or only brief in nature, administer additional antagonist as directed by the product’s prescribing information.

In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of the recommended usual dosage of the antagonist will precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome. The severity of the withdrawal symptoms experienced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be begun with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.

For respiratory depression due to unusual sensitivity to dihydrocodeine, parenteral naloxone is a specific and effective antagonist.

Gastric decontamination with activated charcoal should be administered just prior to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to decrease systemic absorption if acetaminophen ingestion is known or suspected to have occurred within a few hours of presentation.

Serum acetaminophen levels should be obtained immediately if the patient presents 4 hours or more after ingestion to assess potential risk of hepatotoxicity; acetaminophen levels drawn less than 4 hours post-ingestion may be misleading. To obtain the best possible outcome, NAC should be administered as soon as possible where impending or evolving liver injury is suspected. Intravenous NAC may be administered when circumstances preclude oral administration.

Vigorous supportive therapy is required in severe intoxication. Procedures to limit the continuing absorption of the drug must be readily performed since the hepatic injury is dose dependent and occurs early in the course of intoxication.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Important Dosage and Administration Instructions

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets should be prescribed only by healthcare professionals who are knowledgeable about the use of opioids and how to mitigate the associated risks.

Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration of time consistent with individual patient treatment goals [see Warnings] . Because the risk of overdose increases as opioid doses increase, reserve titration to higher doses of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets for patients in whom lower doses are insufficiently effective and in whom the expected benefits of using a higher dose opioid clearly outweigh the substantial risks.

Many acute pain conditions (e.g., the pain that occurs with a number of surgical procedures or acute musculoskeletal injuries) require no more than a few days of an opioid analgesic. Clinical guidelines on opioid prescribing for some acute pain conditions are available.

There is variability in the opioid analgesic dose and duration needed to adequately manage pain due both to the cause of pain and to individual patient factors. Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient's underlying cause and severity of pain, prior analgesic treatment and response, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Warnings] .

Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially when initiating and following dosage increases with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. Consider this risk when selecting an initial dose and when making dose adjustments [see Warnings] .

Initial Dosage

Use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets as the First Opioid Analgesic
Initiate treatment with Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets using two (2) tablets every four (4) hours, as needed for pain, at the lowest dose necessary to achieve adequate analgesia. Titrate the dose based upon the individual patient's response to their initial dose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. No more than five (5) doses, or ten (10) tablets should be taken in a 24-hour period.

Conversion from Other Opioids to Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets
There is inter-patient variability in the potency of opioid drugs and opioid formulations. Therefore, a conservative approach is advised when determining the total daily dosage of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. It is safer to underestimate a patient’s 24-hour Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage than to overestimate the 24-hour Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage and manage an adverse reaction due to overdose.

Titration and Maintenance of Therapy

Individually titrate Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions. Continually reevaluate patients receiving Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets to assess the maintenance of pain control, signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal and other adverse reactions, as well as reassessing for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse [see Warnings] . Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration.

If the level of pain increases after dosage stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets dosage. If after increasing the dosage, unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed (including an increase in pain after dosage increase), consider reducing the dosage [see Warnings] . Adjust the dosage to obtain an appropriate balance between management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions.

Safe Reduction or Discontinuation of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets

Do not abruptly discontinue Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets in patients who may be physically dependent on opioids. Rapid discontinuation of opioid analgesics in patients who are physically dependent on opioids has resulted in serious withdrawal symptoms, uncontrolled pain, and suicide. Rapid discontinuation has also been associated with attempts to find other sources of opioid analgesics, which may be confused with drug-seeking for abuse. Patients may also attempt to treat their pain or withdrawal symptoms with illicit opioids, such as heroin, and other substances.

When a decision has been made to decrease the dose or discontinue therapy in an opioid-dependent patient taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, there are a variety of factors that should be considered, including the total daily dose of opioid (including Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets) the patient has been taking, the duration of treatment, the type of pain being treated, and the physical and psychological attributes of the patient. It is important to ensure ongoing care of the patient and to agree on an appropriate tapering schedule and follow-up plan so that patient and provider goals and expectations are clear and realistic. When opioid analgesics are being discontinued due to a suspected substance use disorder, evaluate and treat the patient, or refer for evaluation and treatment of the substance use disorder. Treatment should include evidence-based approaches, such as medication assisted treatment of opioid use disorder. Complex patients with co-morbid pain and substance use disorders may benefit from referral to a specialist.

There are no standard opioid tapering schedules that are suitable for all patients. Good clinical practice dictates a patient-specific plan to taper the dose of the opioid gradually. For patients on Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets who are physically opioid-dependent, initiate the taper by a small enough increment (e.g., no greater than 10% to 25% of the total daily dose) to avoid withdrawal symptoms, and proceed with dose-lowering at an interval of every 2 to 4 weeks. Patients who have been taking opioids for briefer periods of time may tolerate a more rapid taper. It may be necessary to provide the patient with lower dosage strengths to accomplish a successful taper. Reassess the patient frequently to manage pain and withdrawal symptoms, should they emerge. Common withdrawal symptoms include restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, and mydriasis. Other signs and symptoms also may develop, including irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate. If withdrawal symptoms arise, it may be necessary to pause the taper for a period of time or raise the dose of the opioid analgesic to the previous dose, and then proceed with a slower taper. In addition, evaluate patients for any changes in mood, emergence of suicidal thoughts, or use of other substances.

When managing patients taking opioid analgesics, particularly those who have been treated for an extended period of time and/or with high doses for chronic pain, ensure that a multimodal approach to pain management, including mental health support (if needed), is in place prior to initiating an opioid analgesic taper. A multimodal approach to pain management may optimize the treatment of chronic pain, as well as assist with the successful tapering of the opioid analgesic [see Warnings/ Withdrawal, Drug Abuse and Dependence] .

HOW SUPPLIED

Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, containing acetaminophen 325 mg, caffeine 30 mg and dihydrocodeine bitartrate 16 mg, are supplied in bottles of 100 tablets (NDC 68047-720-01). Tablets are white, capsule-shaped tablets debossed “LL 720” on one side and plain on the other side.

Storage and Handling

Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture.

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container with a child-resistant closure.

Store Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets securely and dispose of properly [see Precautions/ Information for Patients/Caregivers] .

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Rx Only

Distributed by:
Larken Laboratories, Inc.
Canton, MS 39046
www.larkenlabs.com

500412-11
Rev. 10/2023

Medication Guide
Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, CIII
Acetaminophen (a seet” a min’ oh fen), Caffeine (ka feen’) and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate (dye hye” droe koe’ deen bye tar’ trate)

Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets are:

  • A strong prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid (narcotic) that is used to manage moderate to moderately severe pain, when other pain treatments such as non-opioid pain medicines do not treat your pain well enough or you cannot tolerate them.
  • An opioid pain medicine that can put you at risk for overdose and death. Even if you take your dose correctly as prescribed you are at risk for opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse that can lead to death.

Important information about Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets:

  • Get emergency help or call 911 right away if you take too much Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets (overdose).When you first start taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, when your dose is changed, or if you take too much (overdose), serious or life-threatening breathing problems that can lead to death may occur. Talk to your healthcare provider about naloxone, a medicine for the emergency treatment of an opioid overdose.
  • Taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with other opioid medicines, Benzodiazepines, Alcohol, or other central nervous system depressants (including street drugs) can cause severe drowsiness, decreased awareness, breathing problems, coma and death.
  • Never give anyone else your Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. They could die from taking it. Selling or giving away Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets is against the law.
  • Store Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets securely, out of sight and reach of children, and in a location not accessible by others, including visitors to the home.

Important Information Guiding Use in Pediatric Patients:

  • ​Do not give Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets to a child younger than 12 years of age.
  • Do not give Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets to a child younger than 18 years of age after surgery to remove the tonsils and/or adenoids.
  • Avoid giving Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets to children between 12 to 18 years of age who have risk factors for breathing problems such as obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, or underlying lung problems.

Do not take Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets if you have:

  • severe asthma, trouble breathing, or other lung problems.
  • a bowel blockage or have narrowing of the stomach or intestines.
  • previously had an allergic reaction to dihydrocodeine or acetaminophen.

Before taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of:

  • head injury, seizures
  • liver, kidney, thyroid problems
  • problems urinating
  • pancreas or gallbladder problems
  • abuse of street or prescription drugs, alcohol addiction, opioid overdose, or mental health problems.
  • having been told by your healthcare provider that you are a “rapid metabolizer” of certain medicines.

Tell your healthcare provider if you are:

  • noticing your pain getting worse. If your pain gets worse after you take Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, do not take more of Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets without first talking to your healthcare provider. Talk to your healthcare provider if the pain that you have increases, if you feel more sensitive to pain, or if you have new pain after taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets.
  • pregnant or planning to become pregnant. Use of Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets for an extended period of time during pregnancy can cause withdrawal symptoms in your newborn baby that could be life-threatening if not recognized and treated.
  • breastfeeding.Not recommended; may harm your baby.
  • living in a household where there are small children or someone who has abused street or prescription drugs
  • taking prescription or over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or herbal supplements. Taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets with certain other medicines can cause serious side effects that could lead to death.

When taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets:

  • Do not change your dose. Take Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Use the lowest dose possible for the shortest time needed.
  • For acute (short-term) pain, you may only need to take Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets for a few days. You may have some Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets left over that you did not use. See disposal information at the bottom of this section for directions on how to safely throw away (dispose of) your unused Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets.
  • Take your prescribed dose of 2 Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets orally every 4 hours, as needed. Do not take more than your prescribed dose. If you miss a dose, take your next dose at your usual time.
  • Call your healthcare provider if the dose you are taking does not control your pain.
  • If you have been taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets regularly, do not stop taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets without talking to your healthcare provider.
  • Dispose of expired, unwanted, or unused Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets, by taking your drug to an authorized DEA-registered collector or drug take-back program. If one is not available, you can dispose of Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets by mixing the product with dirt, cat litter, or coffee grounds; placing the mixture in a sealed plastic bag, and throwing the bag in your trash. Visit www.fda.gov/drugdisposalfor additional information on disposal of unused medicines.

While taking Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets DO NOT:

  • Drive or operate heavy machinery, until you know how Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets affect you. Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets can make you sleepy, dizzy, or lightheaded.
  • Drink alcohol or use prescription or over-the-counter medicines that contain alcohol. Using products containing alcohol during treatment with Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets may cause you to overdose and die.

The possible side effects of Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets:

  • constipation, nausea, sleepiness, vomiting, tiredness, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain. Call your healthcare provider if you have any of these symptoms and they are severe.

Get emergency medical help or call 911 right away if you have:

  • trouble breathing, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, chest pain, swelling of your face, tongue, or throat, extreme drowsiness, light-headedness when changing positions, feeling faint, agitation, high body temperature, trouble walking, stiff muscles, or mental changes such as confusion.
  • These are not all the possible side effects of Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets. Call your healthcare provider for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. For more information go to dailymed.nlm.nih.gov


Manufactured for: Larken Laboratories, Inc.
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Revised: October 2023

Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets 100 Count Bottle

NDC 68047-720-01

Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets CIII

Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Tablets 325 mg/30 mg/16 mg)

Rx ONLY

100 TABLETS

DESCRIPTION
Each tablet contains:
Acetaminophen .................... 325 mg
Caffeine ................................ 30 mg
Dihydrocodeine bitartrate ........ 16 mg

USUAL DOSAGE:See package insert for full prescribing information.

WARNING:Keep this and all medications out of the reach of children.

PHARMACIST:Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container with a child-resistant closure. Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture.

Distributed by:
Larken Laboratories
Canton, MS 39046
www.larkenlabs.com

400746-03
Rev. 06/2017

Label

ACETAMINOPHEN, CAFFEINE AND DIHYDROCODEINE BITARTRATE 
acetaminophen, caffeine and dihydrocodeine bitartrate tablet
Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC:68047-720
Route of AdministrationORALDEA ScheduleCIII    
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
ACETAMINOPHEN (UNII: 362O9ITL9D) (ACETAMINOPHEN - UNII:362O9ITL9D) ACETAMINOPHEN325 mg
CAFFEINE (UNII: 3G6A5W338E) (CAFFEINE - UNII:3G6A5W338E) CAFFEINE30 mg
DIHYDROCODEINE BITARTRATE (UNII: 8LXS95BSA9) (DIHYDROCODEINE - UNII:N9I9HDB855) DIHYDROCODEINE BITARTRATE16 mg
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
CROSPOVIDONE (UNII: 2S7830E561)  
MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE (UNII: OP1R32D61U)  
STARCH, PREGELATINIZED CORN (UNII: O8232NY3SJ)  
STEARIC ACID (UNII: 4ELV7Z65AP)  
POVIDONE K30 (UNII: U725QWY32X)  
Product Characteristics
ColorwhiteScoreno score
ShapeOVALSize16mm
FlavorImprint Code LL720
Contains    
Packaging
#Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
1NDC:68047-720-01100 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product10/04/201602/28/2019
Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
ANDAANDA20420910/04/201602/28/2019
Labeler - Larken Laboratories Inc. (149484540)

Revised: 12/2023
 
Larken Laboratories Inc.