5.1 Gastrointestinal Adverse Effects

Serious cases of gastrointestinal obstruction, ileus, subileus, gastrointestinal perforation, and fecal impaction have been reported in patients taking lanthanum, some requiring surgery or hospitalization. Consider discontinuing LANTHANUM CARBONATE in patients without another explanation for severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

Risk factors for gastrointestinal obstruction and gastrointestinal perforation identified from post-marketing reports in patients taking LANTHANUM CARBONATE Chewable Tablets include abnormal gastrointestinal anatomy (e.g., diverticular disease, peritonitis, history of gastrointestinal surgery, gastrointestinal cancer, gastrointestinal ulceration), hypomotility disorders (e.g., constipation, ileus, subileus, diabetic gastroparesis), and the use of medications known to potentiate these effects. Some cases were reported in patients with no history of gastrointestinal disease.

Patients with acute peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or bowel obstruction were not included in LANTHANUM CARBONATE clinical studies [see Contraindications (4)].

Advise patients who are prescribed LANTHANUM CARBONATE Chewable Tablets to chew the tablet completely and not to swallow them whole. Serious gastrointestinal complications have been reported in association with unchewed or incompletely chewed tablets. [see Adverse Reactions (6.2).

5.2 Diagnostic Tests

LANTHANUM CARBONATE has radio-opaque properties and therefore may give the appearance typical of an imaging agent during abdominal X-ray procedures. Postmarketing reports of product residue have been reported during endoscopic imaging.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Overall, the safety profile of LANTHANUM CARBONATE has been studied in over 5,200 subjects in completed clinical trials. The most common adverse reactions for LANTHANUM CARBONATE were gastrointestinal events, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and they generally abated over time with continued dosing.

In double-blind, placebo-controlled studies where a total of 180 and 95 patients with ESRD were randomized to LANTHANUM CARBONATE chewable tablet and placebo, respectively, for 4 to 6 weeks of treatment, the most common reactions that were more frequent (≥5% difference) in the LANTHANUM CARBONATE group were nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain (Table 1).

In an open-label, long-term 2-year extension study in 93 patients who had transitioned from other studies, resulting in a total of up to 6 years treatment, mean baseline values and changes in transaminases were similar to those observed in the earlier comparative studies, with little change during treatment.

The safety of LANTHANUM CARBONATE was studied in two long-term, open-label clinical trials, which included 1,215 patients treated with LANTHANUM CARBONATE and 944 with alternative therapy. Fourteen percent (14%) of patients treated with LANTHANUM CARBONATE discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Gastrointestinal adverse reactions, such as nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting were the most common types of event leading to discontinuation.

In pooled active comparator controlled clinical trials, hypocalcemia was noted with an incidence of approximately 5% in both lanthanum and active comparator groups. A nonclinical study and a phase 1 study have shown reduced absorption of calcium in the intestine with lanthanum carbonate treatment.

In a crossover study in 72 healthy individuals comparing LANTHANUM CARBONATE Chewable Tablets to LANTHANUM CARBONATE Oral Powder, gastrointestinal adverse reactions such as nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting were more common for the oral powder formulation (18%) than for the chewable tablets (7%).

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of LANTHANUM CARBONATE. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Cases of constipation, intestinal perforation, intestinal obstruction, ileus, subileus, dyspepsia, allergic skin reactions, hypophosphatemia, and tooth injury while chewing the tablet have been reported.

7.1 Drugs Binding to Antacids

There is a potential for LANTHANUM CARBONATE to interact with compounds which bind to cationic antacids (i.e., aluminum-, magnesium-, or calcium-based); therefore, do not administer such compounds within 2 hours of dosing with LANTHANUM CARBONATE. Examples of relevant classes of compounds where antacids have been demonstrated to reduce bioavailability include antibiotics (such as quinolones, ampicillin, and tetracyclines), thyroid hormones, ACE inhibitors, statin lipid regulators, and anti-malarials.

7.2 Quinolone Antibiotics

Co-administration of LANTHANUM CARBONATE with quinolone antibiotics may reduce the extent of their absorption. The bioavailability of oral ciprofloxacin was decreased by approximately 50% when taken with LANTHANUM CARBONATE in a single-dose study in healthy volunteers. Administer oral quinolone antibiotics at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after LANTHANUM CARBONATE. When oral quinolones are given for short courses, consider eliminating the doses of LANTHANUM CARBONATE that would normally be scheduled near the time of quinolone intake to improve quinolone absorption [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

7.3 Levothyroxine

The bioavailability of levothyroxine was decreased by approximately 40% when taken together with LANTHANUM CARBONATE. Administer thyroid hormone replacement therapy at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after dosing with LANTHANUM CARBONATE and monitor thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

7.4 Use with Other Oral Medications

There are no empirical data on avoiding drug interactions between LANTHANUM CARBONATE and most concomitant oral drugs. For oral medications where a reduction in the bioavailability of that medication would have a clinically significant effect on its safety or efficacy, consider separation of the timing of the administration of the two drugs. The duration of separation depends upon the absorption characteristics of the medication concomitantly administered, such as the time to reach peak systemic levels and whether the drug is an immediate-release or an extended-release product. Consider monitoring clinical responses or blood levels of concomitant medications that have a narrow therapeutic range.

8.1 Pregnancy

8.2 Lactation

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and efficacy of LANTHANUM CARBONATE in pediatric patients have not been established. While growth abnormalities were not identified in long-term animal studies, lanthanum was deposited into developing bone, including growth plate. The consequences of such deposition in developing bone in pediatric patients are unknown; therefore, the use of LANTHANUM CARBONATE in this population is not recommended.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Of the total number of patients in clinical studies of LANTHANUM CARBONATE, 32% (538) were ≥65 years of age, while 9.3% (159) were ≥75 years of age. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between patients ≥65 years of age and younger patients.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

LANTHANUM CARBONATE is a phosphate binder that reduces absorption of phosphate by forming insoluble lanthanum phosphate complexes that pass through the GI tract unabsorbed. Both serum phosphate and calcium phosphate product are reduced as a consequence of the reduced dietary phosphate absorption.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

In vitro studies have shown that lanthanum binds phosphate in the physiologically relevant pH range of 3 to 7. In simulated gastric fluid, lanthanum binds approximately 97% of the available phosphate at pH 3-5 and 67% at pH 7, when lanthanum is present in a two-fold molar excess to phosphate. Bile acids have not been shown to affect the phosphate binding affinity of lanthanum. In order to bind dietary phosphate, LANTHANUM CARBONATE must be administered with or immediately after meals.

In five phase 1 pharmacodynamic studies comparing the reduction from baseline of urinary phosphorus excretion in healthy volunteers (N=143 taking lanthanum carbonate), it was shown that the mean intestinal phosphate binding capacity of lanthanum ranged from 235 to 468 mg phosphorus/day when lanthanum was administered at a dose of 3 g per day with food. By comparison, in one study with an untreated control group (n=10) and another study with a placebo group (n=3), the corresponding mean changes from baseline were 3 mg phosphorus/day and 87 mg phosphorus/day, respectively.

In healthy subjects, LANTHANUM CARBONATE Oral Powder and LANTHANUM CARBONATE Chewable Tablets produce similar effects on urinary phosphate excretion.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Oral administration of lanthanum carbonate to rats for up to 104 weeks, at doses up to 1,500 mg of the salt per kg/day (2.5 times the MRHD of 5,725 mg, on a mg/m2 basis, assuming a 60-kg patient) revealed no evidence of carcinogenic potential. In the mouse, oral administration of lanthanum carbonate for up to 99 weeks, at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg/day (1.3 times the MRHD) was associated with an increased incidence of glandular stomach adenomas in male mice.

Lanthanum carbonate tested negative for mutagenic activity in an in vitro Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli strains and in vitro HGPRT gene mutation and chromosomal aberration assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Lanthanum carbonate also tested negative in an oral mouse micronucleus assay at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg (1.7 times the MRHD), and in micronucleus and unscheduled DNA synthesis assays in rats given IV lanthanum chloride at doses up to 0.1 mg/kg, a dose that produced plasma lanthanum concentrations greater than 2,000 times the peak human plasma concentration.

Lanthanum carbonate, at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg/day (3.4 times the MRHD), did not affect fertility or mating performance of male or female rats.

13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology

In pregnant rats, oral administration of lanthanum carbonate at doses as high as 2,000 mg/kg/day (3.4 times the MRHD) resulted in no evidence of harm to the fetus. In pregnant rabbits, oral administration of lanthanum carbonate at 1,500 mg/kg/day (5 times the MRHD) was associated with a reduction in maternal body weight gain and food consumption, increased post-implantation loss, reduced fetal weights, and delayed fetal ossification. No effects on pregnant rabbits or fetuses were observed at 750 mg/kg/day (2.5 times the MRHD). Lanthanum carbonate administered to rats from implantation through lactation at 2,000 mg/kg/day (3.4 times the MRHD) caused delayed eye opening, reduction in body weight gain, and delayed sexual development (preputial separation and vaginal opening) of the offspring. At 200 and 600 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 0.3 and 1 time the MRHD, respectively), slight delays in vaginal opening were observed in the female offspring.

14.1 Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Studies

One-hundred and forty-four patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis and with elevated phosphate levels were randomized to double-blind treatment at a fixed dose of lanthanum carbonate of 225 mg (n=27), 675 mg (n=29), 1,350 mg (n=30), or 2,250 mg (n=26) or placebo (n=32) in divided doses with meals. Fifty-five percent of subjects were male, 71% black, 25% white, and 4% of other races. The mean age was 56 years and the duration of dialysis ranged from 0.5 to 15.3 years. Steady-state effects were achieved after two weeks. The effect after six weeks of treatment is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Difference in Phosphate Reduction in the LANTHANUM CARBONATE and Placebo Group in a 6-Week, Dose-Ranging, Double-Blind Study in Patients with ESRD (with 95% Confidence Intervals)

One-hundred and eighty-five patients with ESRD undergoing either hemodialysis (n=146) or peritoneal dialysis (n=39) were enrolled in two placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal studies. Sixty-four percent of subjects were male, 28% black, 62% white, and 10% of other races. The mean age was 58.4 years and the duration of dialysis ranged from 0.2 to 21.4 years. After titration of lanthanum carbonate to achieve a phosphate level between 4.0 and 5.6 mg/dL in one study (doses up to 2,250 mg/day) or ≤5.9 mg/dL in the second study (doses up to 3,000 mg/day) and maintenance through 6 weeks, patients were randomized to lanthanum or placebo. During the placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal phase (four weeks), the phosphorus concentration rose in the placebo group by 1.7 mg/dL in one study and 1.9 mg/dL in the other study relative to patients who remained on lanthanum carbonate therapy.

14.2 Open-Label Active-Controlled Studies

Two long-term open-label studies were conducted, involving a total of 2,028 patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis. Patients were randomized to receive LANTHANUM CARBONATE or alternative phosphate binders for up to six months in one study and two years in the other. The daily LANTHANUM CARBONATE doses, divided and taken with meals, ranged from 375 mg to 3,000 mg. Doses were titrated to reduce serum phosphate levels to a target level. The daily doses of the alternative therapy were based on current prescribing information or those commonly utilized. Both treatment groups had similar reductions in serum phosphate of about 1.8 mg/dL. Maintenance of reduction was observed for up to three years in patients treated with LANTHANUM CARBONATE in long-term, open-label extensions.

No effects of LANTHANUM CARBONATE on serum levels of 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin E, and vitamin K were observed in patients who were monitored for 6 months.

Paired bone biopsies (at baseline and at one or two years) in 69 patients randomized to either LANTHANUM CARBONATE or calcium carbonate in one study and 99 patients randomized to either LANTHANUM CARBONATE or alternative therapy in a second study showed no differences in the development of mineralization defects between the groups.

Vital status was known for over 2,000 patients, 97% of those participating in the clinical program during and after receiving treatment. The adjusted yearly mortality rate (rate/years of observation) for patients treated with LANTHANUM CARBONATE or alternative therapy was 6.6%.

Storage and Handling

Store LANTHANUM CARBONATE Chewable Tablets at 25°C (77°F): excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).
[See USP controlled room temperature.]