JANTOVEN  - warfarin sodium tablet 
Physicians Total Care, Inc.

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JANTOVEN® TABLETS
(Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP)

Anticoagulant

WARNING: BLEEDING RISK

Warfarin sodium can cause major or fatal bleeding. Bleeding is more likely to occur during the starting period and with a higher dose (resulting in a higher INR). Risk factors for bleeding include high intensity of anticoagulation (INR >4.0), age ≥65, highly variable INRs, history of gastrointestinal bleeding, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, serious heart disease, anemia, malignancy, trauma, renal insufficiency, concomitant drugs (see PRECAUTIONS), and long duration of warfarin therapy. Regular monitoring of INR should be performed on all treated patients. Those at high risk of bleeding may benefit from more frequent INR monitoring, careful dose adjustment to desired INR, and a shorter duration of therapy. Patients should be instructed about prevention measures to minimize risk of bleeding and to report immediately to physicians signs and symptoms of bleeding (see PRECAUTIONS: Information for Patients).

DESCRIPTION

Jantoven® Tablets (crystalline warfarin sodium) is an anticoagulant which acts by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Chemically, it is 3-(α-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin and is a racemic mixture of the R- and S-enantiomers. Crystalline warfarin sodium is an isopropanol clathrate. The crystallization of warfarin sodium virtually eliminates trace impurities present in amorphous warfarin. Its empirical formula is C19H15NaO4, and its structural formula may be represented by the following:

Chemical Structure

Crystalline warfarin sodium occurs as a white, odorless, crystalline powder, is discolored by light and is very soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol; very slightly soluble in chloroform and in ether.

Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) for oral use contain: 1 mg, 2 mg, 2½ mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7½ mg or 10 mg of crystalline warfarin sodium, USP. They also contain:

All Strengths: Lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, povidone, and pregelatinized starch (corn).

 
1 mg: FD&C Red #40 Aluminum Lake
 
2 mg: FD&C Blue #2 Aluminum Lake and FD&C Red #40 Aluminum Lake
 
2½ mg: D&C Yellow #10 Aluminum Lake and FD&C Blue #1 Aluminum Lake
 
3 mg: Brown #75 Synthetic Brown Iron Oxide
 
4 mg: FD&C Blue #1 Aluminum Lake
 
5 mg: FD&C Yellow #6 Aluminum Lake
 
6 mg: Yellow #10 Synthetic Yellow Iron Oxide, Black #85 Synthetic Black Iron Oxide and FD&C Blue #1 Aluminum Lake
 
7½ mg: D&C Yellow #10 Aluminum Lake and FD&C Yellow #6 Aluminum Lake
 
10 mg: Dye Free.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) and other coumarin anticoagulants act by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, which include Factors II, VII, IX and X, and the anticoagulant proteins C and S. Half-lives of these clotting factors are as follows: Factor II - 60 hours, VII – 4 - 6 hours, IX - 24 hours, and X – 48 - 72 hours. The half-lives of proteins C and S are approximately 8 hours and 30 hours, respectively. The resultant in vivo effect is a sequential depression of Factor VII, Protein C, Factor IX, Protein S, and Factor X and II activities. Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the post ribosomal synthesis of the vitamin K dependent clotting factors. The vitamin promotes the biosynthesis of γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the proteins which are essential for biological activity.

Mechanism of Action

Warfarin is thought to interfere with clotting factor synthesis by inhibition of the C1 subunit of the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) enzyme complex, thereby reducing the regeneration of vitamin K1 epoxide. The degree of depression is dependent upon the dosage administered and, in part, by the patient's VKORC1 genotype. Therapeutic doses of warfarin decrease the total amount of the active form of each vitamin K dependent clotting factor made by the liver by approximately 30% to 50%.

An anticoagulation effect generally occurs within 24 hours after drug administration. However, peak anticoagulant effect may be delayed 72 to 96 hours. The duration of action of a single dose of racemic warfarin is 2 to 5 days. The effects of Jantoven® Tablets may become more pronounced as effects of daily maintenance doses overlap. Anticoagulants have no direct effect on an established thrombus, nor do they reverse ischemic tissue damage. However, once a thrombus has occurred, the goal of anticoagulant treatment is to prevent further extension of the formed clot and prevent secondary thromboembolic complications which may result in serious and possibly fatal sequelae.

Pharmacokinetics

Jantoven® Tablets are a racemic mixture of the R- and S-enantiomers. The S-enantiomer exhibits 2 - 5 times more anticoagulant activity than the R-enantiomer in humans, but generally has a more rapid clearance.

Absorption

Jantoven® Tablets are essentially completely absorbed after oral administration with peak concentration generally attained within the first 4 hours.

Distribution

There are no differences in the apparent volumes of distribution after intravenous and oral administration of single doses of warfarin solution. Warfarin distributes into a relatively small apparent volume of distribution of about 0.14 liter/kg. A distribution phase lasting 6 to 12 hours is distinguishable after rapid intravenous or oral administration of an aqueous solution. Using a one compartment model, and assuming complete bioavailability, estimates of the volumes of distribution of R- and S-warfarin are similar to each other and to that of the racemate. Concentrations in fetal plasma approach the maternal values, but warfarin has not been found in human milk (see WARNINGS: Lactation). Approximately 99% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins.

Metabolism

The elimination of warfarin is almost entirely by metabolism. Jantoven® Tablets are stereoselectively metabolized by hepatic microsomal enzymes (cytochrome P-450) to inactive hydroxylated metabolites (predominant route) and by reductases to reduced metabolites (warfarin alcohols). The warfarin alcohols have minimal anticoagulant activity. The metabolites are principally excreted into the urine; and to a lesser extent into the bile. The metabolites of warfarin that have been identified include dehydrowarfarin, two diastereoisomer alcohols, 4'-, 6-, 7-, 8- and 10-hydroxywarfarin. The cytochrome P-450 isozymes involved in the metabolism of warfarin include 2C9, 2C19, 2C8, 2C18, 1A2, and 3A4. 2C9 is likely to be the principal form of human liver P-450 which modulates the in vivo anticoagulant activity of warfarin.

The S-enantiomer of warfarin is mainly metabolized to 7-hydroxywarfarin by CYP2C9, a polymorphic enzyme. The variant alleles CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 result in decreased in vitro CYP2C9 enzymatic 7-hydroxylation of S-warfarin. The frequencies of these alleles in Caucasians are approximately 11% and 7% for CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3, respectively1. Patients with one or more of these variant CYP2C9 alleles have decreased S-warfarin clearance (Table 1).2

Table 1:

aSD=standard deviation

bp<0.001. Pairwise comparisons indicated significant differences among all 3 genotypes

Relationship Between S-Warfarin Clearance and
CYP2C9 Genotype in Caucasian Patients
CYP2C9 Genotype N S-Warfarin Clearance/Lean Body
Weight (mL/min/kg)
Mean (SD)a
*1/*1 118 0.065 (0.025)b
*1/*2 or *1/*3 59 0.041 (0.021)b
*2/*2, *2/ *3 or *3/ *3 11 0.020 (0.011)b
Total 188

Other CYP2C9 alleles associated with reduced enzymatic activity occur at lower frequencies, including *5, *6, and *11 alleles in populations of African ancestry and *5, *9 and *11 alleles in Caucasians.

Excretion

The terminal half-life of warfarin after a single dose is approximately one week; however, the effective half-life ranges from 20 to 60 hours, with a mean of about 40 hours. The clearance of R-warfarin is generally half that of S-warfarin, thus as the volumes of distribution are similar, the half-life of R-warfarin is longer than that of S-warfarin. The half-life of R-warfarin ranges from 37 to 89 hours, while that of S-warfarin ranges from 21 to 43 hours. Studies with radiolabeled drug have demonstrated that up to 92% of the orally administered dose is recovered in urine. Very little warfarin is excreted unchanged in urine. Urinary excretion is in the form of metabolites.

Pharmacogenomics

A meta-analysis of 9 qualified studies including 2775 patients (99% Caucasian) was performed to examine the clinical outcomes associated with CYP2C9 gene variants in warfarin-treated patients.3 In this meta-analysis, 3 studies assessed bleeding risks and 8 studies assessed daily dose requirements. The analysis suggested an increased bleeding risk for patients carrying either the CYP2C9*2 or CYP2C9*3 alleles. Patients carrying at least one copy of the CYP2C9*2 allele required a mean daily warfarin dose that was 17% less than the mean daily dose for patients homozygous for the CYP2C9*1 allele. For patients carrying at least one copy of the CYP2C9*3 allele, the mean daily warfarin dose was 37% less than the mean daily dose for patients homozygous for the CYP2C9*1 allele.

In an observational study, the risk of achieving INR>3 during the first 3 weeks of warfarin therapy was determined in 219 Swedish patients retrospectively grouped by CYP2C9 genotype. The relative risk of overanticoagulation as measured by INR>3 during the first 2 weeks of therapy was approximately doubled for those patients classified as *2 or *3 compared to patients who were homozygous for the *1 allele.4

Warfarin reduces the regeneration of vitamin K from vitamin K epoxide in the vitamin K cycle, through inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), a multiprotein enzyme complex. Certain single nucleotide polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene (especially the –1639G>A allele) have been associated with lower dose requirements for warfarin. In 201 Caucasian patients treated with stable warfarin doses, genetic variations in the VKORC1 gene were associated with lower warfarin doses. In this study, about 30% of the variance in warfarin dose could be attributed to variations in the VKORC1 gene alone; about 40% of the variance in warfarin dose could be attributed to variations in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes combined.5 About 55% of the variability in warfarin dose could be explained by the combination of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes, age, height, body weight, interacting drugs, and indication for warfarin therapy in Caucasian patients.5 Similar observations have been reported in Asian patients.6,7

Elderly

Patients 60 years or older appear to exhibit greater than expected PT/INR response to the anticoagulant effects of warfarin. The cause of the increased sensitivity to the anticoagulant effects of warfarin in this age group is unknown. This increased anticoagulant effect from warfarin may be due to a combination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Racemic warfarin clearance may be unchanged or reduced with increasing age. Limited information suggests there is no difference in the clearance of S-warfarin in the elderly versus young subjects. However, there may be a slight decrease in the clearance of R-warfarin in the elderly as compared to the young. Therefore, as patient age increases, a lower dose of warfarin is usually required to produce a therapeutic level of anticoagulation.

Asians

Asian patients may require lower initiation and maintenance doses of warfarin. One non-controlled study conducted in 151 Chinese outpatients reported a mean daily warfarin requirement of 3.3 ± 1.4 mg to achieve an INR of 2 to 2.5. These patients were stabilized on warfarin for various indications. Patient age was the most important determinant of warfarin requirement in Chinese patients with a progressively lower warfarin requirement with increasing age.

Renal Dysfunction

Renal clearance is considered to be a minor determinant of anticoagulant response to warfarin. No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with renal failure.

Hepatic Dysfunction

Hepatic dysfunction can potentiate the response to warfarin through impaired synthesis of clotting factors and decreased metabolism of warfarin.

Clinical Trials

Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

In five prospective randomized controlled clinical trials involving 3711 patients with non-rheumatic AF, warfarin significantly reduced the risk of systemic thromboembolism including stroke (see Table 2). The risk reduction ranged from 60% to 86% in all except one trial (CAFA: 45%) which stopped early due to published positive results from two of these trials. The incidence of major bleeding in these trials ranged from 0.6% to 2.7% (see Table 2). Meta-analysis findings of these studies revealed that the effects of warfarin in reducing thromboembolic events including stroke were similar at either moderately high INR (2.0 - 4.5) or low INR (1.4 - 3.0). There was a significant reduction in minor bleeds at the low INR. Similar data from clinical studies in valvular atrial fibrillation patients are not available.

Table 2: Clinical Studies of Warfarin In Non-Rheumatic AF Patients*
*
All study results of warfarin vs. control are based on intention-to-treat analysis and include ischemic stroke and systemic thromboembolism, excluding hemorrhagic stroke and transient ischemic attacks.
StudyNPT RatioINRThromboembolism% Major Bleeding
Warfarin-Treated PatientsControl Patients% Risk Reductionp-valueWarfarin-Treated PatientsControl Patients
AFASAK 335 336 1.5-2.0 2.8-4.2 60 0.027 0.6 0.0
SPAF 210 211 1.3-1.8 2.0-4.5 67 0.01 1.9 1.9
BAATAF 212 208 1.2-1.5 1.5-2.7 86 <0.05 0.9 0.5
CAFA 187 191 1.3-1.6 2.0-3.0 45 0.25 2.7 0.5
SPINAF 260 265 1.2-1.5 1.4-2.8 79 0.001 2.3 1.5

Myocardial Infarction

WARIS (The Warfarin Re-Infarction Study) was a double-blind, randomized study of 1214 patients 2 to 4 weeks post-infarction treated with warfarin to a target INR of 2.8 to 4.8. [But note that a lower INR was achieved and increased bleeding was associated with INR's above 4.0; (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION)]. The primary endpoint was a combination of total mortality and recurrent infarction. A secondary endpoint of cerebrovascular events was assessed. Mean follow-up of the patients was 37 months. The results for each endpoint separately, including an analysis of vascular death, are provided in the following table:

Table 3:

RR = Relative risk; Risk reduction = (I – RR); CI = Confidence interval; MI = Myocardial infarction; py = patient years

EventWarfarin (N=607)Placebo (N=607)RR (95%CI)% Risk Reduction
(p-value)
Total Patient Years of Follow-up 2018 1944
Total Mortality 94 (4.7/100 py) 123 (6.3/100 py) 0.76 (0.60, 0.97) 24 (p=0.030)
    Vascular Death 82 (4.1/100 py) 105 (5.4/100 py) 0.78 (0.60, 1.02) 22 (p=0.068)
Recurrent MI 82 (4.1/100 py) 124 (6.4/100 py) 0.66 (0.51,0.85) 34 (p=0.001)
Cerebrovascular Event 20 (1.0/100 py) 44 (2.3/100 py) 0.46 (0.28, 0.75) 54 (p=0.002)

WARIS II (The Warfarin, Aspirin, Re-Infarction Study) was an open-label randomized study of 3630 patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction treated with warfarin target INR 2.8 to 4.2, aspirin 160 mg/day, or warfarin target INR 2.0 to 2.5 plus aspirin 75 mg/day prior to hospital discharge. There were approximately four times as many major bleeding episodes in the two groups receiving warfarin than in the group receiving aspirin alone. Major bleeding episodes were not more frequent among patients receiving aspirin plus warfarin than among those receiving warfarin alone, but the incidence of minor bleeding episodes was higher in the combined therapy group. The primary endpoint was a composite of death, nonfatal reinfarction, or thromboembolic stroke. The mean duration of observation was approximately 4 years. The results for WARIS II are provided in the following table8:

Table 4: WARIS II – Distribution of Separate Events According to Treatment Group

* CI denotes confidence interval.

a The rate ratio is for aspirin plus warfarin as compared with aspirin.

b The rate ratio is for warfarin as compared with aspirin.

c Major bleeding episodes were defined as nonfatal cerebral hemorrhage or bleeding necessitating surgical intervention, or blood transfusion.

d Minor bleeding episodes were defined as non-cerebral hemorrhage not necessitating surgical intervention or blood transfusion.

ND =not determined.

Event Aspirin (N=1206) Warfarin (N=1216) Aspirin plus Warfarin (N=1208) Rate Ratio
(95% CI)*
p-value
No. of Events
Reinfarction 117 90 69 0.56 (0.41-0.78)a
0.74 (0.55-0.98)b
<0.001
0.03
Thromboembolic stroke 32 17 17 0.52 (0.28-0.98)a
0.52 (0.28-0.97)b
0.03
0.03
Major Bleedingc8 33 28 3.35a (ND)
4.00b (ND)
ND
ND
Minor Bleedingd39 103 133 3.21a (ND)
2.55b (ND)
ND
ND
Death 92 96 95 0.82

Mechanical and Bioprosthetic Heart Valves

In a prospective, randomized, open label, positive-controlled study9 in 254 patients, the thromboembolic-free interval was found to be significantly greater in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves treated with warfarin alone compared with dipyridamole-aspirin (p<0.005) and pentoxifylline-aspirin (p<0.05) treated patients. Rates of thromboembolic events in these groups were 2.2, 8.6, and 7.9/100 patient years, respectively. Major bleeding rates were 2.5, 0.0, and 0.9/100 patient years, respectively.

In a prospective, open label, clinical trial comparing moderate (INR 2.65) vs. high intensity (INR 9.0) warfarin therapies in 258 patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves, thromboembolism occurred with similar frequency in the two groups (4.0 and 3.7 events/100 patient years, respectively). Major bleeding was more common in the high intensity group (2.1 events/100 patient years) vs. 0.95 events/100 patient years in the moderate intensity group.10

In a randomized trial in 210 patients comparing two intensities of warfarin therapy (INR 2.0 - 2.25 vs. INR 2.5 - 4.0) for a three-month period following tissue heart valve replacement, thromboembolism occurred with similar frequency in the two groups (major embolic events 2.0% vs. 1.9%, respectively and minor embolic events 10.8% vs. 10.2 %, respectively). Major bleeding complications were more frequent with the higher intensity (major hemorrhages 4.6%) vs. none in the lower intensity.11

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) are indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, and pulmonary embolism.

Jantoven® Tablets are indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of the thromboembolic complications associated with atrial fibrillation and/or cardiac valve replacement.

Jantoven® Tablets are indicated to reduce the risk of death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and thromboembolic events such as stroke or systemic embolization after myocardial infarction.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Anticoagulation is contraindicated in any localized or general physical condition or personal circumstance in which the hazard of hemorrhage might be greater than the potential clinical benefits of anticoagulation, such as:

Pregnancy

Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) are contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant because the drug passes through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the fetus in utero. Furthermore, there have been reports of birth malformations in children born to mothers who have been treated with warfarin during pregnancy.

Embryopathy characterized by nasal hypoplasia with or without stippled epiphyses (chondrodysplasia punctata) has been reported in pregnant women exposed to warfarin during the first trimester. Central nervous system abnormalities also have been reported, including dorsal midline dysplasia characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum, Dandy-Walker malformation, and midline cerebellar atrophy. Ventral midline dysplasia, characterized by optic atrophy, and eye abnormalities have been observed. Mental retardation, blindness, and other central nervous system abnormalities have been reported in association with second and third trimester exposure. Although rare, teratogenic reports following in utero exposure to warfarin include urinary tract anomalies such as single kidney, asplenia, anencephaly, spina bifida, cranial nerve palsy, hydrocephalus, cardiac defects and congenital heart disease, polydactyly, deformities of toes, diaphragmatic hernia, corneal leukoma, cleft palate, cleft lip, schizencephaly, and microcephaly.

Spontaneous abortion and stillbirth are known to occur and a higher risk of fetal mortality is associated with the use of warfarin. Low birth weight and growth retardation have also been reported.

Women of childbearing potential who are candidates for anticoagulant therapy should be carefully evaluated and the indications critically reviewed with the patient. If the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, she should be apprised of the potential risks to the fetus, and the possibility of termination of the pregnancy should be discussed in light of those risks.

Hemorrhagic tendencies or blood dyscrasias.

Recent or contemplated surgery of: (1) central nervous system; (2) eye; (3) traumatic surgery resulting in large open surfaces.

Bleeding tendencies associated with active ulceration or overt bleeding of:

(1) gastrointestinal, genitourinary or respiratory tracts; (2) cerebrovascular hemorrhage; (3) aneurysms-cerebral, dissecting aorta; (4) pericarditis and pericardial effusions; (5) bacterial endocarditis.

Threatened abortion, eclampsia and preeclampsia.

Inadequate laboratory facilities.

Unsupervised patients with senility, alcoholism, or psychosis or other lack of patient cooperation.

Spinal puncture and other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures with potential for uncontrollable bleeding.

Miscellaneous: major regional, lumbar block anesthesia, malignant hypertension and known hypersensitivity to warfarin or to any other components of this product.

WARNINGS

The most serious risks associated with anticoagulant therapy with warfarin sodium are hemorrhage in any tissue or organ12 (see BLACK BOX WARNING) and, less frequently (<0.1%), necrosis and/or gangrene of skin and other tissues. Hemorrhage and necrosis have in some cases been reported to result in death or permanent disability. Necrosis appears to be associated with local thrombosis and usually appears within a few days of the start of anticoagulant therapy. In severe cases of necrosis, treatment through debridement or amputation of the affected tissue, limb, breast or penis has been reported. Careful diagnosis is required to determine whether necrosis is caused by an underlying disease. Warfarin therapy should be discontinued when warfarin is suspected to be the cause of developing necrosis and heparin therapy may be considered for anticoagulation. Although various treatments have been attempted, no treatment for necrosis has been considered uniformly effective. See below for information on predisposing conditions. These and other risks associated with anticoagulant therapy must be weighed against the risk of thrombosis or embolization in untreated cases.

It cannot be emphasized too strongly that treatment of each patient is a highly individualized matter. Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP), a narrow therapeutic range (index) drug, may be affected by factors such as other drugs and dietary vitamin K. Dosage should be controlled by periodic determinations of prothrombin time (PT)/International Normalized Ratio (INR). Determinations of whole blood clotting and bleeding times are not effective measures for control of therapy. Heparin prolongs the one-stage PT. When heparin and Jantoven® Tablets are administered concomitantly, refer below to Conversion From Heparin Therapy for recommendations.

Increased caution should be observed when Jantoven® Tablets are administered in the presence of any predisposing condition where added risk of hemorrhage, necrosis and/or gangrene is present.

Anticoagulation therapy with Jantoven® Tablets may enhance the release of atheromatous plaque emboli, thereby increasing the risk of complications from systemic cholesterol microembolization, including the “purple toes syndrome.” Discontinuation of Jantoven® Tablets therapy is recommended when such phenomena are observed.

Systemic atheroemboli and cholesterol microemboli can present with a variety of signs and symptoms including purple toes syndrome, livedo reticularis, rash, gangrene, abrupt and intense pain in the leg, foot, or toes, foot ulcers, myalgia, penile gangrene, abdominal pain, flank or back pain, hematuria, renal insufficiency, hypertension, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord infarction, pancreatitis, symptoms simulating polyarteritis, or any other sequelae of vascular compromise due to embolic occlusion. The most commonly involved visceral organs are the kidneys followed by the pancreas, spleen, and liver. Some cases have progressed to necrosis or death.

Purple toes syndrome is a complication of oral anticoagulation characterized by a dark, purplish or mottled color of the toes, usually occurring between 3 - 10 weeks, or later, after the initiation of therapy with warfarin or related compounds. Major features of this syndrome include purple color of plantar surfaces and sides of the toes that blanches on moderate pressure and fades with elevation of the legs; pain and tenderness of the toes; waxing and waning of the color over time. While the purple toes syndrome is reported to be reversible, some cases progress to gangrene or necrosis which may require debridement of the affected area, or may lead to amputation.

Jantoven® Tablets should be used with caution in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and deep venous thrombosis. Cases of venous limb ischemia, necrosis and gangrene have occurred in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and deep venous thrombosis when heparin treatment was discontinued and warfarin therapy was started or continued. In some patients sequelae have included amputation of the involved area and/or death.13

The decision to administer anticoagulants in the following conditions must be based upon clinical judgment in which the risks of anticoagulant therapy are weighed against the benefits:

Lactation: Based on very limited published data, warfarin has not been detected in the breast milk of mothers treated with warfarin. The same limited published data reports that some breast-fed infants, whose mothers were treated with warfarin, had prolonged prothrombin times, although not as prolonged as those of the mothers. The decision to breast-feed should be undertaken only after careful consideration of the available alternatives. Women who are breast-feeding and anticoagulated with warfarin should be very carefully monitored so that recommended PT/INR values are not exceeded. It is prudent to perform coagulation tests and to evaluate vitamin K status in infants before advising women taking warfarin to breast-feed. Effects in premature infants have not been evaluated.

Severe to moderate hepatic or renal insufficiency.

Infectious diseases or disturbances of intestinal flora: sprue, antibiotic therapy.

Trauma which may result in internal bleeding.

Surgery or trauma resulting in large exposed raw surfaces.

Indwelling catheters.

Severe to moderate hypertension.

Known or suspected deficiency in protein C mediated anticoagulant response: Hereditary or acquired deficiencies of protein C or its cofactor, protein S, have been associated with tissue necrosis following warfarin administration. Not all patients with these conditions develop necrosis, and tissue necrosis occurs in patients without these deficiencies. Inherited resistance to activated protein C has been described in many patients with venous thromboembolic disorders but has not yet been evaluated as a risk factor for tissue necrosis. The risk associated with these conditions, both for recurrent thrombosis and for adverse reactions, is difficult to evaluate since it does not appear to be the same for everyone. Decisions about testing and therapy must be made on an individual basis. It has been reported that concomitant anticoagulation therapy with heparin for 5 to 7 days during initiation of therapy with Jantoven® Tablets may minimize the incidence of tissue necrosis. Warfarin therapy should be discontinued when warfarin is suspected to be the cause of developing necrosis and heparin therapy may be considered for anticoagulation.

Miscellaneous: polycythemia vera, vasculitis, and severe diabetes.

PRECAUTIONS

Periodic determination of PT/INR is essential. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Laboratory Control.)

Numerous factors, alone or in combination, including changes in diet, medications, botanicals, and genetic variations in the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 enzymes (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacogenomics) may influence the response of the patient to warfarin.

Drug/Drug and Drug/Disease Interactions

It is generally good practice to monitor the patient's response with additional PT/INR determinations in the period immediately after discharge from the hospital, and whenever other medications, including botanicals, are initiated, discontinued or taken irregularly. The following factors are listed for reference; however, other factors may also affect the anticoagulant response.

Drugs may interact with Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) through pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic mechanisms. Pharmacodynamic mechanisms for drug interactions with Jantoven® Tablets are synergism (impaired hemostasis, reduced clotting factor synthesis), competitive antagonism (vitamin K), and altered physiologic control loop for vitamin K metabolism (hereditary resistance). Pharmacokinetic mechanisms for drug interactions with Jantoven® Tablets are mainly enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, and reduced plasma protein binding. It is important to note that some drugs may interact by more than one mechanism.

The following factors, alone or in combination, may be responsible for INCREASED PT/INR response:

ENDOGENOUS FACTORS:

blood dyscrasias – see CONTRAINDICATIONSdiarrhea hyperthyroidism
cancer elevated temperature poor nutritional state
collagen vascular disease hepatic disorders steatorrhea
congestive heart failure    infectious hepatitis vitamin K deficiency
   jaundice

EXOGENOUS FACTORS:

Potential drug interactions with Jantoven® Tablets are listed below by drug class and by specific drugs.

†Increased and decreased PT/INR responses have been reported.

Classes of Drugs
5-lipoxygenase Inhibitor Antithyroid Drugs† Leukotriene Receptor
Adrenergic Stimulants, Central Beta-Adrenergic Blockers   Antagonist
Alcohol Abuse Reduction Cholelitholytic Agents Monoamine Oxidase
  Preparations Diabetes Agents, Oral   Inhibitors
Analgesics Diuretics† Narcotics, prolonged
Anesthetics, Inhalation Fungal Medications, Nonsteroidal Anti-
Antiandrogen    Intravaginal, Systemic†   Inflammatory Agents
Antiarrhythmics† Gastric Acidity and Peptic Proton Pump Inhibitors
Antibiotics†   Ulcer Agents† Psychostimulants
  Aminoglycosides (oral) Gastrointestinal Pyrazolones
  Cephalosporins, parenteral   Prokinetic Agents Salicylates
  Macrolides   Ulcerative Colitis Agents Selective Serotonin
  Miscellaneous Gout Treatment Agents   Reuptake Inhibitors
  Penicillins, intravenous, high dose Hemorrheologic Agents Steroids,
  Quinolones (fluoroquinolones) Hepatotoxic Drugs   Adrenocortical†
  Sulfonamides, long acting Hyperglycemic Agents Steroids, Anabolic (17-
  Tetracyclines Hypertensive Emergency   Alkyl Testosterone
Anticoagulants   Agents   Derivatives)
Anticonvulsants† Hypnotics† Thrombolytics
Antidepressants† Hypolipidemics† Thyroid Drugs
Antimalarial Agents   Bile Acid-Binding Resins† Tuberculosis Agents†
Antineoplastics†   Fibric Acid Derivatives Uricosuric Agents
Antiparasitic/Antimicrobials HMG-CoA Reductase Vaccines
Antiplatelet Drugs/Effects     Inhibitors† Vitamins†

also: other medications affecting blood elements which may modify hemostasis

      dietary deficiencies

      prolonged hot weather

      unreliable PT/INR determinations

†Increased and decreased PT/INR responses have been reported.

Specific Drugs Reported
acetaminophen fluconazole oxymetholone
alcohol† fluorouracil pantoprazole
allopurinol fluoxetine paroxetine
aminosalicylic acid flutamide penicillin G, intravenous
amiodarone HCI fluvastatin pentoxifylline
argatroban fluvoxamine phenylbutazone
aspirin gefitinib phenytoin†
atenolol gemfibrozil piperacillin
atorvastatin† glucagon piroxicam
azithromycin halothane pravastatin†
bivalirudin heparin prednisone†
capecitabine ibuprofen propafenone
cefamandole ifosfamide propoxyphene
cefazolin indomethacin propranolol
cefoperazone influenza virus vaccine propylthiouracil†
cefotetan itraconazole quinidine
cefoxitin Jantoven® Tablets overdose quinine
ceftriaxone ketoprofen rabeprazole
celecoxib ketorolac ranitidine†
cerivastatin lansoprazol rofecoxib
chenodiol lepirudin sertraline
chloramphenicol levamisole simvastatin
chloral hydrate† levofloxacin stanozolol
chlorpropamide levothyroxine streptokinase
cholestyramine† liothyronine sulfamethizole
cimetidine lovastatin sulfamethoxazole
ciprofloxacin mefenamic acid sulfinpyrazone
cisapride methimazole† sulfisoxazole
clarithromycin methyldopa sulindac
clofibrate methylphenidate tamoxifen
cyclophosphamide† methylsalicylate ointment tetracycline
danazol (topical) thyroid
dextran metronidazole ticarcillin
dextrothyroxine miconazole, (intravaginal, oral, ticlopidine
diazoxide   systemic) tissue plasminogen
diclofenac moricizine hydrochloride†   activator (t-PA)
dicumarol nalidixic acid tolbutamide
diflunisal naproxen tramadol
disulfiram neomycin trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
doxycycline norfloxacin urokinase
erythromycin ofloxacin valdecoxib
esomeprazole olsalazine valproate
ethacrynic acid omeprazole vitamin E
ezetimibe oxandrolone zafirlukast
fenofibrate oxaprozin zileuton
fenoprofen  

The following factors, alone or in combination, may be responsible for DECREASED PT/INR response:

ENDOGENOUS FACTORS:

edema hypothyroidism
hereditary coumarin resistance nephrotic syndrome
hyperlipemia

EXOGENOUS FACTORS:

Potential drug interactions with Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) are listed below by drug class and by specific drugs.

†Increased and decreased PT/INR responses have been reported.

Classes of Drugs
Adrenal Cortical Steroid Barbiturates Immunosuppressives
   Inhibitors Diuretics† Oral Contraceptives,
Antacids Enteral Nutritional   Estrogen Containing
Antianxiety Agents   Supplements Selective Estrogen
Antiarrhythmics† Fungal Medications,   Receptor Modulators
Antibiotics†   Systemic† Steroids,
Anticonvulsants† Gastric Acidity and Peptic   Adrenocortical†
Antidepressants†   Ulcer Agents† Tuberculosis Agents†
Antihistamines Hypnotics† Vitamins†
Antineoplastics† Hypolipidemics†
Antipsychotic Medications   Bile Acid-Binding
Antithyroid Drugs†     Resins†
  HMG-CoA Reductase
    Inhibitors†

also: diet high in vitamin K

     unreliable PT/INR determinations

†Increased and decreased PT/INR responses have been reported.

Specific Drugs Reported
alcohol† cyclophosphamide† phenytoin†
aminoglutethimide dicloxacillin pravastatin†
amobarbital ethchlorvynol prednisone†
atorvastatin† glutethimide primidone
azathioprine griseofulvin propylthiouracil†
butabarbital haloperidol raloxifene
butalbital Jantoven® Tablets
    underdosage
ranitidine†
carbamazepine meprobamate rifampin
chloral hydrate† 6-mercaptopurine secobarbital
chlordiazepoxide methimazole† spironolactone
chlorthalidone moricizine hydrochloride† sucralfate
cholestyramine† nafcillin trazodone
clozapine paraldehyde vitamin C (high dose)
corticotropin pentobarbital vitamin K
cortisone phenobarbital

Because a patient may be exposed to a combination of the above factors, the net effect of Jantoven® Tablets on PT/INR response may be unpredictable. More frequent PT/INR monitoring is therefore advisable. Medications of unknown interaction with coumarins are best regarded with caution. When these medications are started or stopped, more frequent PT/INR monitoring is advisable.

It has been reported that concomitant administration of warfarin and ticlopidine may be associated with cholestatic hepatitis.

Botanical (Herbal) Medicines

Caution should be exercised when botanical medicines (botanicals) are taken concomitantly with Jantoven® Tablets. Few adequate, well-controlled studies exist evaluating the potential for metabolic and/or pharmacologic interactions between botanicals and Jantoven® Tablets. Due to a lack of manufacturing standardization with botanical medicinal preparations, the amount of active ingredients may vary. This could further confound the ability to assess potential interactions and effects on anticoagulation. It is good practice to monitor the patient's response with additional PT/INR determinations when initiating or discontinuing botanicals.

Specific botanicals reported to affect Jantoven® Tablets therapy include the following:

Some botanicals may cause bleeding events when taken alone (e.g., garlic and Ginkgo biloba) and may have anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and/or fibrinolytic properties. These effects would be expected to be additive to the anticoagulant effects of Jantoven® Tablets. Conversely, other botanicals may have coagulent properties when taken alone or may decrease the effects of Jantoven® Tablets.

Some botanicals that may affect coagulation are listed below for reference; however, this list should not be considered all-inclusive. Many botanicals have several common names and scientific names. The most widely recognized common botanical names are listed.

Botanicals that contain coumarins with potential anticoagulant effects:
Agrimony1
Alfalfa
Celery Parsley
Angelica (Dong Quai) Chamomile (German and Passion Flower
Aniseed    Roman) Prickly Ash (Northern)
Arnica Dandelion3Quassia
Asa Foetida Fenugreek Red Clover
Bogbean2Horse Chestnut Sweet Clover
Boldo Horseradish Sweet Woodruff
Buchu Licorice4Tonka Beans
Capsicum3Meadowsweet2Wild Carrot
Cassia4Nettle Wild Lettuce
Miscellaneous botanicals with anticoagulant properties:
Bladder Wrack (Fucus) Pau d'arco
Botanicals that contain salicylate and/or have antiplatelet properties:
Agrimony1Dandelion4Meadowsweet2
Aloe Gel Feverfew Onion5
Aspen Garlic5Policosanol
Black Cohosh German Sarsaparilla Poplar
Black Haw Ginger Senega
Bogbean2Ginkgo Biloba Tamarind
Cassia4Ginseng (Panax)5Willow
Clove Licorice4Wintergreen
Botanicals with fibrinolytic properties:
Bromelains Garlic5Inositol Nicotinate
Capsicum3Ginseng (Panax)5Onion5

1Contains coumarins, has antiplatelet properties, and may have coagulant properties due to possible Vitamin K content.

2Contains coumarins and salicylate.

3Contains coumarins and has fibrinolytic properties.

4Contains coumarins and has antiplatelet properties.

5Has antiplatelet and fibrinolytic properties.

Botanicals with coagulant properties:
Agrimony1Mistletoe
Goldenseal Yarrow

Effect on Other Drugs

Coumarins may also affect the action of other drugs. Hypoglycemic agents (chlorpropamide and tolbutamide) and anticonvulsants (phenytoin and phenobarbital) may accumulate in the body as a result of interference with either their metabolism or excretion.

Considerations for Increased Bleeding Risk

Jantoven® Tablets is a narrow therapeutic range (index) drug, and additional caution should be observed when warfarin sodium is administered to certain patients. Reported risk factors for bleeding include high intensity of anticoagulation (INR>4.0), age ≥65, highly variable INRs, history of gastrointestinal bleeding, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, serious heart disease, anemia, malignancy, trauma, renal insufficiency, concomitant drugs (see PRECAUTIONS) and long duration of warfarin therapy. Identification of risk factors for bleeding and certain genetic variations in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 in a patient may increase the need for more frequent INR monitoring and the use of lower warfarin doses (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Bleeding is more likely to occur during the starting period and with a higher dose of Jantoven® Tablets (resulting in a higher INR).

Intramuscular (IM) injections of concomitant medications should be confined to the upper extremities which permits easy access for manual compression, inspections for bleeding and use of pressure bandages.

Caution should be observed when Jantoven® Tablets (or warfarin) are administered concomitantly with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, to be certain that no change in anticoagulation dosage is required. In addition to specific drug interactions that might affect PT/INR, NSAIDs, including aspirin, can inhibit platelet aggregation, and can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulceration and/or perforation.

Information for Patients

The objective of anticoagulant therapy is to decrease the clotting ability of the blood so that thrombosis is prevented, while avoiding spontaneous bleeding. Effective therapeutic levels with minimal complications are in part dependent upon cooperative and well-instructed patients who communicate effectively with their physician. Patients should be advised: Strict adherence to prescribed dosage schedule is necessary. Do not take or discontinue any other medication, including salicylates (e.g., aspirin and topical analgesics), other over-the-counter medications, and botanical (herbal) products except on advice of the physician. Avoid alcohol consumption. Do not take Jantoven® Tablets during pregnancy and do not become pregnant while taking it (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Avoid any activity or sport that may result in traumatic injury. Prothrombin time tests and regular visits to physician or clinic are needed to monitor therapy. Carry identification stating that Jantoven® Tablets are being taken. If the prescribed dose of Jantoven® Tablets is forgotten, notify the physician immediately. Take the dose as soon as possible on the same day but do not take a double dose of Jantoven® Tablets the next day to make up for missed doses. The amount of vitamin K in food may affect therapy with Jantoven® Tablets. Eat a normal, balanced diet maintaining a consistent amount of vitamin K. Avoid drastic changes in dietary habits, such as eating large amounts of green leafy vegetables. You should also avoid intake of cranberry juice or any other cranberry products. Notify your healthcare provider if any of these products are part of your normal diet. Contact physician to report any illness, such as diarrhea, infection or fever. Notify physician immediately if any unusual bleeding or symptoms occur. Signs and symptoms of bleeding include: pain, swelling or discomfort, prolonged bleeding from cuts, increased menstrual flow or vaginal bleeding, nosebleeds, bleeding of gums from brushing, unusual bleeding or bruising, red or dark brown urine, red or tar black stools, headache, dizziness, or weakness. If therapy with Jantoven® Tablets is discontinued, patients should be cautioned that the anticoagulant effects of Jantoven® Tablets may persist for about 2 to 5 days. Patients should be informed that all warfarin sodium, USP, products represent the same medication, and should not be taken concomitantly, as overdosage may result. A Medication Guide14 should be available to patients when their prescriptions for warfarin sodium are issued.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity studies have not been performed with Jantoven® Tablets. The reproductive effects of Jantoven® Tablets have not been evaluated. The use of warfarin during pregnancy has been associated with the development of fetal malformations in humans (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Use in Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category X - See CONTRAINDICATIONS.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established in randomized, controlled clinical trials. However, the use of Jantoven® Tablets in pediatric patients is well-documented for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic events. Difficulty achieving and maintaining therapeutic PT/INR ranges in the pediatric patient has been reported. More frequent PT/INR determinations are recommended because of possible changing warfarin requirements.

Geriatric Use

Patients 60 years or older appear to exhibit greater than expected PT/INR response to the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). Jantoven® Tablets are contraindicated in any unsupervised patient with senility. Caution should be observed with administration of warfarin sodium to elderly patients in any situation or physical condition where added risk of hemorrhage is present. Lower initiation and maintenance doses of Jantoven® Tablets are recommended for elderly patients (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Potential adverse reactions to Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) may include:

Rare events of tracheal or tracheobronchial calcification have been reported in association with long-term warfarin therapy. The clinical significance of this event is unknown.

Priapism has been associated with anticoagulant administration; however, a causal relationship has not been established.

OVERDOSAGE

Signs and Symptoms

Suspected or overt abnormal bleeding (e.g., appearance of blood in stools or urine, hematuria, excessive menstrual bleeding, melena, petechiae, excessive bruising or persistent oozing from superficial injuries) are early manifestations of anticoagulation beyond a safe and satisfactory level.

Treatment

Excessive anticoagulation, with or without bleeding, may be controlled by discontinuing Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) therapy and if necessary, by administration of oral or parenteral vitamin K1. (Please see recommendations accompanying vitamin K1 preparations prior to use.)15,16

Such use of vitamin K1 reduces response to subsequent Jantoven® Tablets therapy. Patients may return to a pretreatment thrombotic status following the rapid reversal of a prolonged PT/INR. Resumption of Jantoven® Tablets administration reverses the effect of vitamin K, and a therapeutic PT/INR can again be obtained by careful dosage adjustment. If rapid anticoagulation is indicated, heparin may be preferable for initial therapy.

If minor bleeding progresses to major bleeding, give 5 to 25 mg (rarely up to 50 mg) parenteral vitamin K1. In emergency situations of severe hemorrhage, clotting factors can be returned to normal by administering 200 to 500 mL of fresh whole blood or fresh frozen plasma, or by giving commercial Factor IX complex.

A risk of hepatitis and other viral diseases is associated with the use of these blood products; Factor IX complex is also associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. Therefore, these preparations should be used only in exceptional or life-threatening bleeding episodes secondary to Jantoven® Tablets overdosage.

Purified Factor IX preparations should not be used because they cannot increase the levels of prothrombin, Factor VII and Factor X which are also depressed along with the levels of Factor IX as a result of Jantoven® Tablets treatment. Packed red blood cells may also be given if significant blood loss has occurred. Infusions of blood or plasma should be monitored carefully to avoid precipitating pulmonary edema in elderly patients or patients with heart disease.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The dosage and administration of Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) must be individualized for each patient according to the particular patient's PT/INR response to the drug. The dosage should be adjusted based upon the patient's PT/INR.15,16,17,18,19 The best available information supports the following recommendations for dosing of Jantoven® Tablets.

Venous Thromboembolism (including deep venous thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolism [PE])

For patients with a first episode of DVT or PE secondary to a transient (reversible) risk factor, treatment with warfarin for 3 months is recommended. For patients with a first episode of idiopathic DVT or PE, warfarin is recommended for at least 6 to 12 months. For patients with two or more episodes of documented DVT or PE, indefinite treatment with warfarin is suggested. For patients with a first episode of DVT or PE who have documented antiphospholipid antibodies or who have two or more thrombophilic conditions, treatment for 12 months is recommended and indefinite therapy is suggested. For patients with a first episode of DVT or PE who have documented deficiency of antithrombin, deficiency of Protein C or Protein S, or the Factor V Leiden or prothrombin 20210 gene mutation, homocystinemia, or high Factor VIII levels (>90th percentile of normal), treatment for 6 to 12 months is recommended and indefinite therapy is suggested for idiopathic thrombosis. The risk-benefit should be reassessed periodically in patients who receive indefinite anticoagulant treatment.12,20 The dose of warfarin should be adjusted to maintain a target INR of 2.5 (INR range, 2.0 to 3.0) for all treatment durations. These recommendations are supported by the American College of Chest Physicians' (7th ACCP) guidelines.15,17,21,22

Atrial Fibrillation

Five clinical trials evaluated the effects of warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Meta-analysis findings of these studies revealed that the effects of warfarin in reducing thromboembolic events including stroke were similar at either moderately high INR (2.0 - 4.5) or low INR (1.4 - 3.0). There was a significant reduction in minor bleeds at the low INR. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in populations with atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease. Similar data from clinical studies in valvular atrial fibrillation patients are not available. The trials in non-valvular atrial fibrillation support the 7th ACCP recommendation that an INR of 2.0 - 3.0 be used for warfarin therapy in appropriate AF patients.17

Oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin is recommended in patients with persistent or paroxysmal AF (PAF) (intermittent AF) at high risk of stroke (i.e., having any of the following features: prior ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or systemic embolism, age >75 years, moderately or severely impaired left ventricular systolic function and/or congestive heart failure, history of hypertension, or diabetes mellitus). In patients with persistent AF or PAF, age 65 to 75 years, in the absence of other risk factors, but who are at intermediate risk of stroke, antithrombotic therapy with either oral warfarin or aspirin, 325 mg/day, is recommended. For patients with AF and mitral stenosis, anticoagulation with oral warfarin is recommended (7th ACCP). For patients with AF and prosthetic heart valves, anticoagulation with oral warfarin should be used; the target INR may be increased and aspirin added depending on valve type and position, and on patient factors.17

Post-Myocardial Infarction

The results of the WARIS II study and 7th ACCP guidelines suggest that in most healthcare settings, moderate- and low-risk patients with a myocardial infarction should be treated with aspirin alone over oral vitamin-K antagonist (VKA) therapy plus aspirin. In healthcare settings in which meticulous INR monitoring is standard and routinely accessible, for both high- and low-risk patients after myocardial infarction (MI), long-term (up to 4 years) high-intensity oral warfarin (target INR, 3.5; range, 3.0 to 4.0) without concomitant aspirin or moderate-intensity oral warfarin (target INR, 2.5; range, 2.0 to 3.0) with aspirin is recommended. For high-risk patients with MI, including those with a large anterior MI, those with significant heart failure, those with intracardiac thrombus visible on echocardiography, and those with a history of a thromboembolic event, therapy with combined moderate-intensity (INR, 2.0 to 3.0) oral warfarin plus low-dose aspirin (≤100 mg/day) for 3 months after the MI is suggested.23

Mechanical and Bioprosthetic Heart Valves

For all patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves, warfarin is recommended. For patients with a St. Jude Medical (St. Paul, MN) bileaflet valve in the aortic position, a target INR of 2.5 (range, 2.0 to 3.0) is recommended. For patients with tilting disk valves and bileaflet mechanical valves in the mitral position, the 7th ACCP recommends a target INR of 3.0 (range, 2.5 to 3.5). For patients with caged ball or caged disk valves, a target INR of 3.0 (range, 2.5 to 3.5) in combination with aspirin, 75 to 100 mg/day is recommended. For patients with bioprosthetic valves, warfarin therapy with a target INR of 2.5 (range, 2.0 to 3.0) is recommended for valves in the mitral position and is suggested for valves in the aortic position for the first 3 months after valve insertion.15

Recurrent Systemic Embolism and Other Indications

Oral anticoagulation therapy has not been evaluated by properly designed clinical trials in patients with valvular disease associated with atrial fibrillation, patients with mitral stenosis, and patients with recurrent systemic embolism of unknown etiology. A moderate dose regimen (INR 2.0 to 3.0) is recommended for these patients.17

An INR of greater than 4.0 appears to provide no additional therapeutic benefit in most patients and is associated with a higher risk of bleeding.

Initial Dosage

The dose of Jantoven® Tablets must be individualized by monitoring the PT/INR. Not all factors causing warfarin dose variability are known. The maintenance dose needed to achieve a target PT/INR is influenced by:

Select the starting dose based on the expected maintenance dose, taking into account the above factors. Routine use of loading doses is not recommended as this may increase hemorrhagic and other complications and does not offer more rapid protection against clot formation. If the patient's CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes are not known, the initial dose of Jantoven® Tablets is usually 2 to 5 mg per day. Modify this dose based on consideration of patient-specific clinical factors. Consider lower initiation doses for elderly and/or debilitated patients. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and PRECAUTIONS).

The patient's CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype information, when available, can assist in selection of the starting dose. Table 5 describes the range of stable maintenance doses observed in multiple patients having different combinations of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene variants. Consider these ranges in choosing the initial dose.

In all patients, subsequent dosage adjustments must be made based on the results of PT/INR determinations.17, 18

Table 5: Range of Expected Therapeutic Warfarin Doses Based on CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Genotypes
VKORC1CYP2C9
*1/*1*1/*2*1/*3*2/*2*2/*3*3/*3
Ranges are derived from multiple published clinical studies. Other clinical factors (e.g., age, race, body weight, sex, concomitant medications, and comorbidities) are generally accounted for along with genotype in the ranges expressed in the Table. VKORC1 – 1639 G→A (rs9923231) variant is used in this table. Other co-inherited VKORC1 variants may also be important determinants of warfarin dose. Patients with CYP2C9 *1/*3, *2/*2, *2/*3 and *3/*3 may require more prolonged time (>2 to 4 weeks) to achieve maximum INR effect for a given dosage regimen.
GG5-7 mg5-7mg3-4 mg3-4 mg3-4 mg0.5-2 mg
AG5-7 mg3-4 mg3-4 mg3-4 mg0.5-2 mg0.5-2 mg
AA3-4 mg3-4 mg0.5-2 mg0.5-2 mg0.5-2 mg0.5-2 mg

Maintenance

Most patients are satisfactorily maintained at a dose of 2 to 10 mg daily. Flexibility of dosage is provided by breaking scored tablets in half. The individual dose and interval should be gauged by the patient's prothrombin response. Acquired or inherited warfarin resistance is rare, but should be suspected if large daily doses of warfarin are required to maintain a patient's PT/INR within a normal therapeutic range. Lower maintenance doses are recommended for elderly and/or debilitated patients and patients with a potential to exhibit greater than expected PT/INR response to warfarin sodium (see PRECAUTIONS).

Duration of Therapy

The duration of therapy in each patient should be individualized. In general, anticoagulant therapy should be continued until the danger of thrombosis and embolism has passed.14,15,17,18,21,22

Missed Dose

The anticoagulant effect of Jantoven® Tablets persists beyond 24 hours. If the patient forgets to take the prescribed dose of Jantoven® Tablets at the scheduled time, the dose should be taken as soon as possible on the same day. The patient should not take the missed dose by doubling the daily dose to make up for missed doses, but should refer back to his or her physician.

Laboratory Control

The PT reflects the depression of vitamin K dependent Factors VII, X and II. A system of standardizing the PT in oral anticoagulant control was introduced by the World Health Organization in 1983. It is based upon the determination of an International Normalized Ratio (INR) which provides a common basis for communication of PT results and interpretations of therapeutic ranges.24 The PT should be determined daily after the administration of the initial dose until PT/INR results stabilize in the therapeutic range. Intervals between subsequent PT/INR determinations should be based upon the physician's judgment of the patient's reliability and response to Jantoven® Tablets in order to maintain the individual within the therapeutic range. Acceptable intervals for PT/INR determinations are normally within the range of one to four weeks after a stable dosage has been determined. To ensure adequate control, it is recommended that additional PT tests be done when other warfarin products are interchanged with warfarin sodium tablets, USP, as well as whenever other medications are initiated, discontinued, or taken irregularly (see PRECAUTIONS). Safety and efficacy of warfarin therapy can be improved by increasing the quality of laboratory control. Reports suggest that in usual care monitoring, patients are in therapeutic range only 33%-64% of the time. Time in therapeutic range is significantly greater (56%-93%) in patients managed by anticoagulation clinics, among self-testing and self-monitoring patients, and in patients managed with the help of computer programs.25 Self-testing patients had fewer bleeding events than patients in usual care.25

Treatment During Dentistry And Surgery The management of patients who undergo dental and surgical procedures requires close liaison between attending physicians, surgeons and dentists.15,19 PT/INR determination is recommended just prior to any dental or surgical procedure. In patients undergoing minimal invasive procedures who must be anticoagulated prior to, during, or immediately following these procedures, adjusting the dosage of Jantoven® Tablets to maintain the PT/INR at the low end of the therapeutic range may safely allow for continued anticoagulation. The operative site should be sufficiently limited and accessible to permit the effective use of local procedures for hemostasis. Under these conditions, dental and minor surgical procedures may be performed without undue risk of hemorrhage. Some dental or surgical procedures may necessitate the interruption of Jantoven® Tablets therapy. When discontinuing Jantoven® Tablets even for a short period of time, the benefits and risks should be strongly considered.

Conversion From Heparin Therapy Since the anticoagulant effect of Jantoven® Tablets is delayed, heparin is preferred initially for rapid anticoagulation. Conversion to Jantoven® Tablets may begin concomitantly with heparin therapy or may be delayed 3 to 6 days. To ensure continuous anticoagulation, it is advisable to continue full dose heparin therapy and that Jantoven® Tablets therapy be overlapped with heparin for 4 to 5 days, until Jantoven® Tablets has produced the desired therapeutic response as determined by PT/INR. When Jantoven® Tablets has produced the desired PT/INR or prothrombin activity, heparin may be discontinued.

Jantoven® Tablets may increase the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) test, even in the absence of heparin. A severe elevation (>50 seconds) in activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) with a PT/INR in the desired range has been identified as an indication of increased risk of postoperative hemorrhage.

During initial therapy with Jantoven® Tablets, the interference with heparin anticoagulation is of minimal clinical significance.

As heparin may affect the PT/INR, patients receiving both heparin and Jantoven® Tablets should have blood for PT/INR determination drawn at least:

HOW SUPPLIED

Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) for oral use, are supplied in the following forms:

2 mg - Compressed tablet, lavender, round; one side scored and debossed WRF & 2, one side debossed 832, in

Bottles of 30
NDC 54868-0822-0

3 mg - Compressed tablet, tan, round; one side scored and debossed WRF & 3, one side debossed 832, in
Bottles of 30
NDC 54868-5425-0

4 mg - Compressed tablet, blue, round; one side scored and debossed WRF & 4, one side debossed 832, in

Bottles of 30
NDC 54868-0825-0

5 mg - Compressed tablet, peach, round; one side scored and debossed WRF & 5, one side debossed 832, in

Bottles of 30
NDC 54868-5207-0
Bottles of 100
NDC 54868-5207-1

6 mg - Compressed tablet, teal, round; one side scored and debossed WRF & 6, one side debossed 832, in

Bottles of 30
NDC 54868-1216-0


Store at 20-25°C (68-77°F). Excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Keep tightly closed. Protect from light and moisture. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container with a child-resistant closure.

Keep out of reach of children.

Rx only

REFERENCES

  1. Yasar U, Eliasson E, Dahl M, Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg, M, Sjoqvist F. Validation of methods for CYP2C9 genotyping: Frequencies of mutant alleles in Swedish population. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1999; 254: 628-631.
  2. Herman D, Locatelli I, Grabnar I, et al. Influence of CYP2C9 polymorphisms, demographic factors and concomitant drug therapy on warfarin metabolism and maintenance dose. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005;5: 193-202.
  3. Sanderson S, Emery J, Higgins J. CYP2C9 gene variants, drug dose, and bleeding risk in warfarin-treated patients: A HuGEnet™ systemic review and meta-analysis. Genet Med. 2005;7:97-104.
  4. Lindh JD, Lundgren S, Holm L, Alfredsson L, Rane A. Several-fold increase in risk of overanticoagulation by CYP2C9 mutations. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;78:540-550.
  5. Wadelius M, Chen LY, Downes K, et al. Common VKORC1 and GGCX polymorphisms associated with warfarin dose. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005;5:262-270.
  6. Veenstra DL, You JHS, Rieder MJ, et al. Association of Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) variants with warfarin dose in a Hong Kong Chinese patient population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005;15:687-691.
  7. Takahashi H, Wilkinson GR, Nutescu EA, et al. Different contributions of polymorphisms in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 to intra- and inter-population differences in maintenance doses of warfarin in Japanese, Caucasians and African Americans. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006;16:101-110.
  8. Hurlen M, Abdelnoor M, Smith P, Erikssen J, Arnesen H. Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:969-974.
  9. Mok CK, Boey J, Wang R, et al. Warfarin versus dipyridamole-aspirin and pentoxifylline-aspirin for prevention of prosthetic valve thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Circ. 1985;72:1059-1063.
  10. Saour JN, Sieck JO, Mamo LA, Gallus AS. Trial of different intensities of anticoagulation in patients with prosthetic heart valves. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:428-432.
  11. Turpie AG, Hirsh J, Gunstensen J, Nelson H, Gent M. Randomized comparison to two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement. Lancet. 1988;331:1242-1245.
  12. Büller HR, Agnelli G, Hull RD, Hyers TM, Prins MH, Raskob GE. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:401S-428S.
  13. Warkentin TE, Elavathil LJ, Hayward CPM, Johnston MG, Russett JI, Kelton JG. The pathogenesis of venous limb gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:804-812.
  14. Jantoven® Tablets Medication Guide. Minneapolis, MN: Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc.; 2006.
  15. Salem DN, Stein PD, Al-Ahmad A, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease–native and prosthetic. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:457S-482S.
  16. American Geriatrics Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. The use of oral anticoagulants (warfarin) in older people. J Amer Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:224-227.
  17. Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE, Go AS, Halperin JL, Manning WJ. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:429S-456S.
  18. Jaffer AK, Bragg L. Practical tips for warfarin dosing and monitoring. Cleveland Clinic J Med. 2003;70:361-371.
  19. Jaffer AK, Brotman DJ, Chukwumerije N. When patients on warfarin need surgery. Cleveland Clinic J Med. 2003;70:973-984.
  20. Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Kovacs MJ, et al, for the Extended Low-Intensity Anticoagulation for Thrombo-Embolism Investigators. Comparison of low-intensity warfarin therapy with conventional-intensity warfarin therapy for long-term prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:631-639.
  21. Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmström M, et al, and the Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:393-398.
  22. Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Danielson E, et al, for the PREVENT Investigators. Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1425-1434.
  23. Harrington RA, Becker RC, Ezekowitz M, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for coronary artery disease. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:513S-548S.
  24. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Pollen L, Bussey H, Jacobson A, Hylek E. The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:204S-233S.
  25. Heneghan C, Alonso-Coello P, Garcia-Alamino JM, Perera R, Meats E, Glasziou P. Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2006;367:404-411.

Manufactured by
UPSHER-SMITH LABORATORIES, INC.
Minneapolis, MN 55447

Rev. 0110

Relabeling and Repackaging by:
Physicians Total Care, Inc.
Tulsa, OK      74146

MEDICATION GUIDE

Jantoven® Tablets (JAN-to-ven) Tablets
(Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP)

Read this Medication Guide before you start taking Jantoven® Tablets (Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP) and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or treatment. You and your healthcare provider should talk about Jantoven® Tablets when you start taking them and at regular checkups.

What is the most important information I should know about Jantoven® Tablets?

What are Jantoven® Tablets?

Jantoven® Tablets are an anticoagulant medicine. They are used to lower the chance of blood clots forming in your body. Blood clots can cause a stroke, heart attack, or other serious conditions such as blood clots in the legs or lungs.

Who should not take Jantoven® Tablets?

Do not take Jantoven® Tablets if:

What should I tell my healthcare provider before starting Jantoven® Tablets?

Tell your healthcare provider about all of your health conditions, including if you:

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. See “What is the most important information I should know about Jantoven® Tablets?

How should I take Jantoven® Tablets?

What should I avoid while taking Jantoven® Tablets?

What are the possible side effects of Jantoven® Tablets?

Other side effects with Jantoven® Tablets include allergic reactions, liver problems, low blood pressure, swelling, low red blood cells, paleness, fever, and rash. Call your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you.

These are not all of the side effects of Jantoven® Tablets. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects to Upsher-Smith Laboratories at 1-888-650-3789.

How should I store Jantoven® Tablets?

General Information about Jantoven® Tablets

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes not mentioned in a Medication Guide. Do not use Jantoven® Tablets for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give Jantoven® Tablets to other people, even if they have the same condition. It may harm them.

This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about Jantoven® Tablets. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about Jantoven® Tablets that was written for healthcare professionals.

FigureThis Medication Guide may have been revised after this copy was produced. For more information and the most current Medication Guide, please visit www.jantoven.com or www.upsher-smith.com or call our professional services department toll-free at 1-800-654-2299.
Figure

Rx only

Jantoven® Tablets are manufactured by
UPSHER-SMITH LABORATORIES, INC.
Minneapolis, MN 55447

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Rev. 0110

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 2 mg Tablet Bottle Label


Jantoven®
Warfarin Sodium
Tablets, USP

2 mg

DISPENSE WITH MEDICATION GUIDE

HIGHLY POTENT ANTICOAGULANT WARNING:
Serious bleeding results from overdosage. Do
not use or dispense before reading directions and
warnings in accompanying product information.


Rx only

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 2 mg Tablet Bottle Label

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 3 mg Tablet Bottle Label


Jantoven®
Warfarin Sodium
Tablets, USP

3 mg

DISPENSE WITH MEDICATION GUIDE

HIGHLY POTENT ANTICOAGULANT WARNING:
Serious bleeding results from overdosage. Do
not use or dispense before reading directions and
warnings in accompanying product information.


Rx only

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 3 mg Tablet Bottle Label

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 4 mg Tablet Bottle Label


Jantoven®
Warfarin Sodium
Tablets, USP

4 mg

DISPENSE WITH MEDICATION GUIDE

HIGHLY POTENT ANTICOAGULANT WARNING:
Serious bleeding results from overdosage. Do
not use or dispense before reading directions and
warnings in accompanying product information.


Rx only

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 4 mg Tablet Bottle Label

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 5 mg Tablet Bottle Label


Jantoven®
Warfarin Sodium
Tablets, USP

5 mg

DISPENSE WITH MEDICATION GUIDE

HIGHLY POTENT ANTICOAGULANT WARNING:
Serious bleeding results from overdosage. Do
not use or dispense before reading directions and
warnings in accompanying product information.


Rx only

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 5 mg Tablet Bottle Label

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 6 mg Tablet Bottle Label


Jantoven®
Warfarin Sodium
Tablets, USP

6 mg

DISPENSE WITH MEDICATION GUIDE

HIGHLY POTENT ANTICOAGULANT WARNING:
Serious bleeding results from overdosage. Do
not use or dispense before reading directions and
warnings in accompanying product information.


Rx only

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 6 mg Tablet Bottle Label

JANTOVEN 
warfarin sodium   tablet
Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)54868-0822 (0832-1212)
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
WARFARIN SODIUM (WARFARIN) WARFARIN SODIUM2 mg
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE 
MAGNESIUM STEARATE 
POVIDONE 
STARCH, CORN 
FD&C BLUE NO. 2 
FD&C RED NO. 40 
Product Characteristics
Colorpurple (Lavender) Score2 pieces
ShapeROUNDSize9mm
FlavorImprint Code WRF;2;832
Contains    
Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
154868-0822-030 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone

Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
ANDAANDA04041601/14/2005

JANTOVEN 
warfarin sodium   tablet
Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)54868-5425 (0832-1214)
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
WARFARIN SODIUM (WARFARIN) WARFARIN SODIUM3 mg
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE 
MAGNESIUM STEARATE 
POVIDONE 
STARCH, CORN 
Product Characteristics
Colorbrown (Tan) Score2 pieces
ShapeROUNDSize9mm
FlavorImprint Code WRF;3;832
Contains    
Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
154868-5425-030 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone

Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
ANDAANDA04041609/21/2005

JANTOVEN 
warfarin sodium   tablet
Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)54868-0825 (0832-1215)
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
WARFARIN SODIUM (WARFARIN) WARFARIN SODIUM4 mg
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE 
MAGNESIUM STEARATE 
POVIDONE 
STARCH, CORN 
FD&C BLUE NO. 1 
Product Characteristics
ColorblueScore2 pieces
ShapeROUNDSize9mm
FlavorImprint Code WRF;4;832
Contains    
Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
154868-0825-030 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone

Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
ANDAANDA04041601/14/2005

JANTOVEN 
warfarin sodium   tablet
Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)54868-5207 (0832-1216)
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
WARFARIN SODIUM (WARFARIN) WARFARIN SODIUM5 mg
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE 
MAGNESIUM STEARATE 
POVIDONE 
STARCH, CORN 
FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 
Product Characteristics
Colororange (Peach) Score2 pieces
ShapeROUNDSize9mm
FlavorImprint Code WRF;5;832
Contains    
Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
154868-5207-030 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone
254868-5207-1100 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone

Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
ANDAANDA04041601/14/2005

JANTOVEN 
warfarin sodium   tablet
Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)54868-1216 (0832-1217)
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
WARFARIN SODIUM (WARFARIN) WARFARIN SODIUM6 mg
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE 
MAGNESIUM STEARATE 
POVIDONE 
STARCH, CORN 
FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW 
FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE 
FD&C BLUE NO. 1 
Product Characteristics
Colorturquoise (Teal) Score2 pieces
ShapeROUNDSize9mm
FlavorImprint Code WRF;6;832
Contains    
Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
154868-1216-030 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone

Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
ANDAANDA04041601/14/2005

Labeler - Physicians Total Care, Inc. (194123980)
Establishment
NameAddressID/FEIOperations
Physicians Total Care, Inc.194123980relabel, repack
Revised: 01/2010Physicians Total Care, Inc.